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Numerical, three-dimensional ‘multiphysics’ simulations can evaluate the fluid flow distribution, mass transfer-driven current density, pressure drop and shunt currents over the whole electrode and cell geometries while describing charge-discharge performance. Such models have permitted to analyse the efficiency of different stack configurations [46] and cell designs [47]. Other models have focused on specific parameters, such as flow rate and pressure trade-offs [48,49,50], or electrode polarisation and contact resistance due to felt compression [51]. Recent mechanical models of cell stacks [52] should aid reliable manufacture and durability. A variety of cell designs has been studied in terms on CFD fluid flow and pressure drop calculations, including flow-through cells [53], as well as serpentine and interdigitated flow fields [24,49,54,55]. Interdigitated flow fields can be more effective in ensuring high mass transfer. Necessary optimisation studies of the dimensions of flow field channel depth and width, in relation to the bipolar plate ‘rib’ area, are available for bromine [29], and vanadium cells [30]. Normalised, validated scale-up for flow field designs provides an important research opportunity. A marked limitation of these studies is that they consider cells under 10 cm2 electrode area, whereas utility-scale cells might involve 2,000 cm2 electrodes. As mentioned before, current correlations applied to flow fields scale-up in a non-linear manner. Current and potential distribution are the result of the combined effect of electrical resistances, reaction kinetics, mass transfer and electrode geometry. A validated model for such phenomena in interdigitated flow fields has been developed [56], considering non-uniform compression of the felt [57]. Experimental current distribution studies have 8PDF Image | Redox flow batteries for energy storage challenges
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