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During this period also contributions were done from Beccu (Battelle Institute, Geneva, Switzerland)17, which examined the redox systems regarding secondary batteries; Warshay, which estimated the costs of electrochemical energy storage18; Wever- The G.E.L. iron redox cell did a report of initial cycling tests19; and from Zito (The iron-redox battery in a large solar-photovoltaic application). In 1979, Roy and Kaplan analyzed the performance capabilities of redox flow storage. In this period there were also some NASA patents on electrically rechargeable redox flow cells20, as well as on gel as battery membranes and electrochemical cells for rebalancing a redox flow system. Moreover, Savinell et. al. studied the characteristics of a iron/titanium battery system. In early 80s a patent was granted to Giner Inc. on catalyst surfaces for the chromous/chromic redox couple in the iron-chromium flow cell and iron hybrid flow cell21. Mine while, some evaluations of chromium and titanium redox systems by Nozaki and coworkers22, as well as, a new report from NASA concerning a redox system based on Fe and Cr chlorides23 and another about improvement and scale- up redox storage systems up to 1kW. In 1981, NASA presented a pre-prototype redox storage system, based on iron- chromium, for a photovoltaic stand-alone application24. Some other contribution was made by Savinell researching factors that affects the performance of the iron- redox battery, enhancing the performance of the Ti3+/Ti4+ couple25 and evaluating a hybrid redox-halogen (Cr-chlorine) for use in energy storage devices. A theoretical study, relating flow-through and flow-by porous electrodes for redox energy storage, was published by Trainham and Newman at Berkeley26. Advances in membrane technology were done by NASA27. In January 1982, two Japanese patents by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology were issued. The first was for manganese (cathode) -chromium (anode) system and the second was for chromium or titanium couple with bromine, obtaining a battery output of 0.9 V when applying 10 mA/cm2. In a report by Roberts Zn-Br batteries were reviewed27. Giner Inc. presented data about the development of Cr3+/Cr2+ redox reactions in the iron-chromium battery28. Savinell et al. described the operating performance of an iron-titanium stationary redox battery in the presence of lead29. Catalytic electrodes (ZrC electrodes) for redox flow cell energy storage devices were studied30. Ford published experiments regarding redox cell using VO2+/VO2+--Sn2+/Sn4+, VO2+/VO2+--Fe2+/Fe3+ and VO2+/VO2+--Cu/Cu2+31. Also a singular manner of recharging redox batteries was proposed by Denno utilizing ocean thermal energy. In 1983, at the 18th IECEC Conference Gahn discussed a small cell using mixed reactant solutions at 65oC, with a chromium electrode catalyzed with Bi or Bi-Pb31. In 1984, an improved mathematical model of the iron-chromium redox battery was made by Fedkiw. This was based on the porous electrode theory and incorporates redox kinetics, mass transfer, and ohmic effects, as well as the parasitic hydrogen reaction which occurs in the chromium electrode32. Voltage drop and electrical resistivity measurements of ion-exchange membranes used in redox flow batteries were studied by Ohya33. Remick patented a cell using sulfide-polysulfide as anolyte and chloride-chlorine as catholyte34. Reactivation of complex compound by amines 20PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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