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taking place in the redox reaction was the topic of a German patent by Cheng and Reiner. In 1985, Sumitomo Electric Industries patented a general system of flow batteries with a separator made of a cation-exchange membrane. Chen and Hollax patented an iron-chromium type redox battery using thallium and gold electrocatalysts34. The Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. Patented a system for the determination of the state of charge of a redox flow battery35. A study of the V2+/V3+ redox couple for flow cell application was done by Sum36. The iron- chromium, with graphite electrodes, redox battery was studied by Aldaz37. Moreover, the Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. Patented a redox flow battery with cylindrical electrodes built from porous carbon fibers38. An investigation of the VO2+/VO2+ system for use in the positive half-cell of a redox flow battery was done by Sum and coworkers39. Additionally, Three Sumitomo patents appeared in the second hal of 1985. The first was for a redox flow battery with new flexible electrodes made of metal wires coated with carbon/graphite and embedded in conductive rubber40. The second described a redox flow system with pipeline made from plastic with low oxygen permeability41. The Third is about a nonionic surfactant was added to the catholyte and anolyte, thus increasing the charge- discharge efficiency42. A redox flow system using iron-chromium couples and all chromium electrolytes was described by Doria43. A redox cell containing couples of vanadium and molybdenum ions was studied by Kummer (Ford Motor Company)44. In 1986, a new all-vanadium redox flow battery was presented by Skyllas-Kazacos, which is the starting point of our research plan45. Nozaki (Mitsui) reported studies of a secondary redox flow battery (hybrid) with chromium and halogen couples showing a voltage of 1.2 V46. Swette (Giner Inc.) studied the characterization of gold electrocatalysts for iron-chromium redox batteries47. In 1987, Exchange current densities of the Fe2+/Fe3+ couple was studied by Mathur48. The Fe-Cr redox flow battery prototypes, with graphite plates and deflectors to promote turbulent flow of the electrolyte, were studied by Climent and Garces49,50. More importantly, the performance of an all-vanadium redox flow cell with carbon felt electrodes and cation selective membrane was described by Skyllas-Kazacos51. New characteristics of an all-vanadium redox flow battery were described by Rychcik in early 198852. A 10 kW Fe-Cr redox flow battery with an 80% energy efficiency and 300 cycle life was described by Shimizu53. Besides, the application of conductive organic polymers to battery electrodes was reviewed by Duic54. A general evaluation test of four advanced 10 kW batteries (Na-S, Zn-Cl, Zn-Br and Fe-Cr redox flow) was done by Takahasi55. The same year, a new structure for flowing electrolyte and its distribution in an efficient manner was patented by Shimuzu56. Moreover, the evaluation of membranes for an all-vanadium redox cell was done by Grossmith and Skyllas57. In 1990, a 1 MW/4MWh zinc-bromine RFB system was installed in Japan5. At present, the zinc-bromine RFB is being developed by ZBB Energy Corporation, RedFlow Ltd., and Premium Power. The battery modules are expandable from 50 kWh to 500 kWh and are available for commercial and utility applications. 21PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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