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Figure 2.6 – Polarization curve of an all vanadium RFB using 1 M VOSO4 in 3 M H2SO4 and Nafion 117 membrane. Electrode area = 4 cm2.89,90 Additionally, RFBs offer the important advantage that power and energy output are independent variables since the power is determined by the reactor size and the amount of energy depends on the reactant chosen, their concentration, and the size of the reactant tanks51,91. The amount of energy that can be stored in a conventional sealed battery is generally limited by the effective path length for diffusion and migration in the direction normal to the current collector. Making the electrode thicker will add to the amount of active material, but one experiences diminishing return in terms of energy extraction, because of diffusion and ohmic losses in these systems. Most RFB systems currently require two separate electrolyte tanks, one for the anolyte and another for the catholyte. This ensures that the potentials at each electrode are close to the reversible potential for each of the half-cell reactions are minimized. This does, however, add to the size and cost of the system, and it also requires a uniform delivery of the dissolved species to the entire surface area as oftentimes most of the convective flow is parallel to the electrode surface rather than being flowed directly through it. The key costs of RFBs are the active material stored in the electrolyte and the electrochemical cell itself. The construction costs of the cell scale with the total power requirement of the application, but these costs are directly rated to the specific power of the device itself. i.e. how effectively the materials are utilized. 25PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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