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which are discussed in turn later on. Additionally, a key factor in many of these systems is the crossover of ions or molecules through the separator, depending on the current and membrane permeability. The polarization curve is composed by ohmic, mass-transport and/or kinetic losses. The first part of the curves, shown in Figure 2.6, the overpotential generated is kinetically limited. The middle part of the curves is dominated by ohmic or ionic-conduction losses, while the last part of the curves is typically a signature of reactant mass-transport limitations. Figure 2.5 – Scheme of a redox flow battery88. The arrangement of individual cells in series can be done to increase the overall stack voltage. Generally, stacks are arranged in a bipolar fashion so that current flows in series from one cell to the next. The electrodes in most RFB configurations are not required to undergo physical changes such as phase change or intercalation/de-intercalation during operation because the changes are occurring in the dissolved reactants in the solution phase adjacent to the solid-electrode surface. Though there are exceptions to this formulation. Side reactions can, of course, complicate design and operation, but if the reactions proceed as intended, degradation of the electrode surface need not proceed as a matter of course. The decoupling of storage and reaction in RFB systems is an advantage in terms of flexibility, but it complicates their designs relative to conventional batteries and adds a mechanical balance-of-plant element for pumping the often highly corrosive liquid electrolyte. As a result, their specific mass and volumetric energy densities are much lower than conventional batteries. A RFB configuration can nevertheless exceed the performance of other grid-storage technologies and does not require specific geographical sitting, as pumped hydroelectric and compressed-air energy storage (CAES) do. 24PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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