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looking at alkaline media, high temperatures, and closed systems with oxygen and not air. Also, because of the difficulty associated with finding robust and effective oxygen reduction/evolution catalysts, different oxidants have been examined including bromine and chlorine, both of which react rapidly on carbon surfaces111– 113. 2.6.1.6 Hybrid redox flow batteries There are other battery configurations that share a development heritage and some common issues with what we would classify as RFBs in that the active material can be introduced to, or removed from, the electrochemical cell without disassembling the cell structure, but which do not store all of the active material in a liquid or gaseous form per se. As such, we might consider them semi-flow cells with electrochemical reactions that are more complicated than simply shuttling between the oxidation states of a single species. 2.6.1.6.1 Zinc/bromine. The prototypical hybrid RFB is the zinc/bromine system114. In this system, electrolyte solutions containing the reactive species are stored in external tanks and circulated through each cell in the stack, but the zinc forms an electrodeposit. At the positive electrode, bromide ions are transformed to bromine and back, see Eq. (2.3). It is important to note that the bromine ions can combine with bromine molecules to generate the tribromide ion115. (2.9) which primarily occurs in liquid bromine. In this system, relatively high concentrations of Br- and Br2 can be utilized, enhancing both reaction kinetics and energy density. The toxicity of Br2 can be mitigated by the use of complexing agents115, but the effect of complexing agents on kinetics has not been studied quantitatively, particularly strongly acidic supporting electrolyte. At the negative electrode, zinc metal is dissolved and redeposit, (2.10) To prevent self-discharge by combination of zinc and bromine, separate flowing streams o aqueous zinc bromide and bromine circulate in separate loops, separated by and IEM or a micro porous film115. The metal negative electrode allows for a compact electrode, thus increasing the energy density (15.7–39 Wh/L). In addition, the zinc/bromine system has a high 30PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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