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Obtaining a nominal cell potential of 1.21 V and an energy density of 11.5 Wh L-1 Due to single species, crossover is not as much a concern although it is still a current inefficiency. This system has some of the same issues as the other hybrid batteries including getting uniform plating of the metal, thereby need precise pH control and supporting electrolyte. However, iron does not have the extensive dendrite problems of zinc. The benefits of the cell are also that the materials are nonhazardous and inexpensive. These are balanced by the fact that the overall cell voltage is relatively low and hydrogen generation can occur, although iron is a poor hydrogen evolution catalyst. 2.6.1.6.4 All-copper In the all-copper RFB the chemistry of the Cu0-Cu(I)-Cu(II) system is employed to store and deliver electricity within the battery119, as shown in Equations (2.14) and (2.15). The fresh electrolyte, which is initially composed by cuprous chloro- complexes, is transformed into cupric chloro-complexes in the positive half-cell and electro-deposited as copper on the negative electrode surface during charge. Therefore, during discharge, the cupric ions formed in the positive half-cell electrolyte are transformed again to Cu+ ions, while the stripping of the copper deposit occurs in the negative side. (2.14) (2.15) The potential difference between these two kinetically facile reactions in highly concentrated chloride media is around 0.7 V and 20 WhL−1 energy density, according to previous electrochemical studies of copper-chloride electrolytes in aqueous or deep eutectic solvents120,121. 2.6.1.7 Non-aqueous redox flow batteries The use of non-aqueous electrolytes in RFB configurations has been considered because of the higher cell potentials that are possible when one is not concerned by the breakdown of the aqueous electrolyte. In addition, many couples and reactants are much more soluble in non-aqueous solvents. However, the challenges of low electrolyte conductivities, stability and cost limit the development of non-aqueous RFB systems. (2.13) 32PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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