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4 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Architecture enhancement In order to improve the single cell device, where the battery test are going to be done, an “in-house” silver-silver sulfate (Ag/Ag2SO4) reference electrode is introduce to follow separately the positive and negative redox reactions, and therefore know how each one of the compartment contributes to the whole cell. This allows knowing which half-cell is the limiting factor, when any modification into the battery (electrode, membrane, electrolyte or the cell itself) is done. 4.1 Reference electrode implementation into a single cell for “in-situ” measurements In-depth evaluation of the electrochemical performance of all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) under “operando” conditions requires the insertion of a reliable reference electrode in the battery cell (Figure 4.1). For that purpose, a reference electrode based on silver/silver sulfate is proposed and described for VRFBs. The relevance and feasibility of the information obtained by inserting the reference electrode is illustrated with the study of modified graphite felts as electrodes. In this case, the kinetic of the electrochemical reaction VO2+/VO2+ is slower than that of V2+/V3+ at the electrode. While the slow kinetics at the positive electrode limits the voltage efficiency, the operating potential of the negative electrode, which is outside the stability widow of water, reduces the coulombic efficiency due to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Figure 4.1. – Charge-discharge voltage plot (Ewe, Ece and Ecell) vs. in house Ag/Ag2SO4 reference electrode including OCP resting times every 20 minutes. 59PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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