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4.1.1 Electrochemical characterization In-depth electrochemical evaluation of the electrodes under operando conditions is not trivial as it requires the insertion of a reference electrode into the filter press cell. The most widespread strategy is to characterize the electrodes by ex-situ methods in a bulky three-electrode cell prior to the full cell tests. Zawodzinski's group has shown interesting results for carbon paper electrodes by inserting a dynamic hydrogen reference electrode in a filter press cell155–157. Here, a reliable reference electrode for the evaluation of VRFBs “in-operando” condition illustrate the valuable information obtained with the exemplary case of the evaluation of the electrochemical properties of ammoxidized graphite felts, which contains both oxygenated and nitrogenated groups. Figure 4.2. –Potential profile of VRFB upon cycling at 20 mA cm-2 and 30 mL min-1. Furthermore, Figure 4.2 shows the potential profiles of several charge and discharge cycles at 20 mA cm-2 and 30 mL min-1. The use of the reference electrode allowed the potential profiles of positive and negative electrode to be monitored separately. The limiting side (positive or negative) can be easily identified, enabling facile balancing of the two electrolytes. In this case, both electrolytes seemed quite balanced. The positive electrode forced the end of the charge while the negative electrode was responsible for the end of the discharge (except for the first cycle). This means that an irreversible reaction (hydrogen evolution) occurred simultaneously to the reduction of V3+ at the negative electrode during the charge. As a result, V3+ is not entirely reduced to V2+, whereas VO2+ is completely oxidized to VO2+ forcing the end of the charge. During the discharge, there is not enough 60PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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