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The working principle of the aforementioned dPEI additive could be as a stabilizer by means of the formation of adduct due to interaction between the electroactive species (i.e. vanadium (V) ions) and functional groups (i.e. –NH or –NH2) of the polymer at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the additive could act as a precursor of functional groups for the surface modification of carbon electrodes introducing (– NH2) groups162, which turns as a provider of active sites grafted to the electrode for electron transfer. 5.1.1 Characterization First, to prove this hypothesis, as Error! Reference source not found. shows, the tability of the vanadium concentration at 40oC for a 3M V(V) in 3M H2SO4 in presence of 0.6% w/v of dPEI. After 720 hours, the vanadium concentration remains constant at room temperature but slightly decreases to 2.7-2.8 M at 40oC. It is a rise of 40% for the vanadium concentration in the electrolyte comparatively in absence of any additive. Figure 5.3.- Shows the stability of different concentrations of V(V) ions, from 1.5 to 3M, in presence of 0.6% w/v of dPEI at temperature of 40oC. Thereafter, the thermal stability of 1 M V(V) solutions with 0.6% additive at elevated temperatures is evaluated. Note that it is well-known that 1M V(V) precipitates after 18 hours at 40oC 163. Sealed samples of 1 M V(V) with additive were placed in a water bath at 40oC during 720 hours. Samples are periodically 71PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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