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taken and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentration of V(V) in all samples with dPEI remains unchanged (i.e. 1 M) at 40oC. As a consequence, the improved solubility electrolyte can be achieved due to dPEI additive. Table 5.2- Atomic concentration obtained from XPS spectra for graphite felt surface using pristine and dPEI-containing electrolyte. C1s N1s O1s before 86.8 1.0 12.2 After dPEI 77.0 1.5 21.5 To test the effect of the additive on the surface of the electrode, the commercial graphite felt (GF) is analyzed by XPS after and before charge and discharge experiment at 20 mA/cm2 using dPEI- containing positive electrolyte. Table 5.2 presents a comparison of atomic content (%) and Figure 5.4 shows the XPS- spectra on the surface of both electrodes164. The results show that the atomic concentration of N1s and O1s are increased after the current-constant experiment using a dPEI additive, which implies the functionalization of the surface electrode. Fitting of the C1s spectrum (Figure 5.4) can be solved into two individual components 284 eV and 285 eV, representing graphitic carbon and carbon at graphene sheet edges due to C–H and C–N species. The Oxygen functionalities are represented by peaks at 531 eV, 532 eV and 533 eV. These are assigned to C=O groups, C–OH groups and/or C–O–C groups, and chemisorbed oxygen (COOH carboxylic groups) and/or water, respectively. Figure 5.4. – X-ray photoelectron spectra of the commercial graphite felt before a) and after b) treatment with dPEI-containing electrolyte in a constant-current experiment at 20 mAcm-2. Graphite electrode Atomic concentration / % 72PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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