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# # # + + ** # # CeO2 pattern GF@CeO2 #+ * #+# # GF@CeO2-x Intensity Intensity / % * * +# 40 50 60 70 80 + + 2 Theta / deg + * * GF + CeO pattern 2-x 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2 Theta / deg Figure 6.40. – X-ray diffraction spectra of GF-HT electrode and as-prepared GF@CeO2 and GF@CeO2-x electrodes. 6.1.4.1.1 Electrochemical characterization Additionally, in order to experimentally verify the electrochemical characterization of the cerium-based catalysts, are performed several experiments in a three electrode cell. For that purpose, a drop cast deposit of the cerium materials is done over a glassy carbon (GC) electrode in case of the positive electrode catalyst, while the negative catalysts has been broadly explained in previous sections, where the electrocatalytic reaction of TiO2 nanorods materials towards the negative reaction of the VRFB was investigated. Figure 6.41 shows cyclic voltammetry experiments (CVs) for the ceria materials under study over the GC. To evaluate the electrocatalytic performance, we analysed several parameters from CVs, described as follow: the peak-to-peak potential separation (ΔV), the ratio of oxidation and reduction peak current (Ipa/Ipc), and the redox onset potential. Significant differences between all samples can be observed. For example, the GF electrode displays a cathodic peak due to VO2+/VO2+ oxidation as well as surface oxidation of the felt and oxygen evolution reaction, but a smaller anodic peak can be appreciated (i.e. lower current density peak). This behaviour is ascribed to the difficult on the VO2+ reduction over the carbon surface225,232,233. 135PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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