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The electrochemical performance was investigated in a flow cell containing a Nafion 212 membrane, 0.5 M dipotassium 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2,6-DHAQK2) in 1 M KOH solution as the anolyte, and 0.4 M potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) in 1 M KOH solution as the catholyte. This performance correlates to an energy density of 6.8 Wh/L. A constant current density of 100 mA/cm2 was applied, and 100 charge/discharge cycles with a current efficiency above 99% and steady energy efficiency of 84% were measured (Figure 7.4) 264. In 2014, Yang et al. reported the first aqueous organic Redox Flow Battery (AORFB). They used a water soluble 1,2-benzoquinone-3,5-disulfonic acid (BQDS) as the organic cathode active material and anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQS) (7.1) as well as anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid as the organic anode active material.1 (7.1) The authors developed a redox-flow cell with a membrane electrode assembly, which was fabricated from coated carbon paper electrodes and a Nafion 117 membrane. The flow cell contained 0.2 M BQDS and 0.2 M AQS in 1 M H2SO4 as the catholyte and anolyte, respectively. The electrolytes had a calculated energy density of 1.25 Wh/L. A charge/discharge experiment was done over 12 cycles at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, obtaining values of capacity retention close to 90%.1 Limiting factors of these organic materials are their moderate solubility in aqueous media and the observed mass transport of the reactants. These factors and the non-optimized battery setup lead to a restriction of the possible current density. The reported system can be seen as an improvement compared to the AQDS/bromide RFB in terms of safety, as the toxic bromine catholyte is replaced by BQDS. However, the capacity and the electrical performance are significantly inferior. Zhang et al. reported an aqueous RFB with the already known water-soluble 1,2- benzoquinone-2,5-disulfonic acid (BQDS) as the catholyte and an inexpensive 154PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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