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d) Hydrogen treated TiO2-based couple with defective Ceria-based graphite felt electrodes for negative and positive cell are an excellent option as low-cost, efficient and novel electrocatalysts that enhance the electrochemical performance in vanadium redox flow battery, especially at high charge/discharge rates. GF@TiO2:H electrodes showed greatly improved electrochemical properties (i.e. low charge transfer resistance) in combination with the inhibition of hydrogen-evolution reaction. GF@CeO2 exhibits an improved kinetic over the positive reaction, as well as, delay the oxygen evolution due to its standard potential. Moreover, the electronic donor properties were enhanced as a consequence of the oxygen- vacancies generation in the GF@TiO2:H and GF@CeO2 electrodes, in case we compare to heat treated and thermally annealed in argon atmosphere. A specific discharge capacity around 10 AhL-1 with a 50% of energy efficiency was observed after more than 100 cycles of charge/discharge at high current densities rates up to 200mAcm- 2. The battery was capable of several docents more of cycles at high current (150 mA/cm2) before reaching the capacity fading. In addition, it has been significantly improved the electrolyte- utilization ratio to 80% using 1.5 M in vanadium solution at 150 mA/cm2. Additionally, at 200 mA cm-2, the CE value was > 97%, electrolyte-utilization ratio was 60%, with a specific capacity of 12.3 AhL-1, demonstrating the highly suppression of HER, OER, ion species cross-over and long term stability of VRFB. These results are presented in the literature for the first time, suggesting that the combination of these two electrodes can be powerful electrocatalysts for high-performance VRFB application. 4. Furthermore, there are several accomplishment that summarize the goals obtained for aqueous organic redox flow batteries: a) The treatments done on the cathode electrodes for metal-free redox flow batteries has the objective to increase the surface area by electrode functionalization with nitrogen and oxygen groups, especially active are the oxygenated-N and C=O groups. These are more abundant on the GF- HT surface. Therefore the electrodes become more electrochemically active, as CV showed by an increase in the reversibility and diffusion towards the Tiron redox reaction on CF-HT comparatively to the other two electrodes (CF-HT and CF-rGO/Q). In spite the fact that the kinetic values for all the electrodes are similar, which shows that these N and O groups do not act as a catalyst, the charge transfer resistance is reduced due to that functionalization. This facilitates the migration of the Tiron (1,2-BQDS) redox species towards the interface electrode-electrolyte. Moreover, the GF-HT electrode is stable at least for 1000 cycles, which 210PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Vanadium to Earth Quinones
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