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UnderstandininggththeeVVaannaaddiuimumRRedeodxoFxloFwlowBaBttaetrtiesries 3491 External variables Solution variables Bulk concentration of electroactive species Concentration of other species Solvent Tank Reservoir Anolyte Temperature Time Mass transfer variables Tank Reservoir Catholyte Mode (diffusion, convection, ...) Surface concentrations Electrical variables + Potential Current Charge - Pump Pump Electrode variables Material Surface area Geometry Surface condition H+ LOAD Fig. 6. Schematic representation of VRB with a list of variables affecting the rate of the redox reaction (Bard & Faulkner, 2001). Note that only one cell is represented on this figure. 3.4 State of charge The state of charge SoC indicates how much energy is stored in the battery; it varies from 0 (discharged state) to 1 (charged) and is defined by the following relation: SoC = 3.5 Electrochemical model c V 2 + cV2+ +cV3+ c V O 2+ = [−] (22) From the principles explained in the previous section, it is now possible to introduced the electrochemical model that describes the behaviour of the stack, mainly how the stack voltage Ustack depends on the operating conditions: the current I, the vanadium concentrations in the electroactive cells ccell, the protons concentration cH+, the electrolyte flowrate Q and the temperature T; furthermore, it also describes how the electrolyte compositions change as the battery is operating. The schematic representation of this model is shown in Fig. 7. 3.6 Efficiencies Efficiencies are parameters used to assess the performance of storage system. Basically, the definition of efficiency is simple, the energy efficiency ηenergy is the ratio of the energy furnished by the battery during the discharge to the energy supplied during the charge: PVRB,discharge(t)dt ηenergy = [−] (23) PVRB,charge(t)dt cVO2+ +cVO2+ Electrode ElectrodePDF Image | Understanding the Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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