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III.A.3 EV Battery Technology Assessment Bae – USABC, Park – SK Innovation E400 could maintain other electrical performance as in previous systems. Approach SKI applied pure NCM as cathode material to get high energy density and to avoid crucial deterioration at high temperature. However, high Ni-content NCM has a detrimental effect on the abuse tolerance and cycle life. In order to obtain structural stability, SKI has researched surface-coated NMC with stable materials. The surface- treated particles have shell-core morphology, that is, SC-NMC. In addition, we enhanced the separator properties to minimize shrinkage of the separator at high temperatures, and developed the new electrolyte system which is an optimized formulation for the new cathode. Cycle life and calendar life are expected to improve significantly after eliminating the Mn-spinel. Results Core Test. SKI tested 18 cells in total (6 cells for cycle life and 12 cells for calendar life) and measured that the average capacity is over 40 Ah at current condition of C/3, C/2 and C/1 (Figure III - 6). Approximately, 4 cycles are accumulated per day and RPTs are being conducted every 100 cycles (~1/month). Figure III - 7 shows C/3 capacity retention and results show 91.3% of retention at 800 cycles. Similar tendency is seen in DST capacity retention (92.7%) and peak power retention (94.7%). Figure III - 7: C/3 capacity retention of LMO-free E400 in cycle life Calendar life tests are ongoing at four different temperatures of 25, 35, 45, and 55°C. Each battery is charged to SOC 100% at the C/3 rate and allowed to rest in an open circuit condition at the desired temperature for 4 weeks. At the end of 4 weeks, the batteries undergo RPTs at 30°C. Figure III - 8 shows C/3 capacity retention at four temperatures after 24 weeks and the results show 94.4%, 91.5% 87.4% and 81.0%, respectively. Figure III - 6: Constant current discharge test for LMO-free E400 100% DST Discharge capacity at the DST power of 400W/kg is 40.8Ah on average. Peak power capability was calculated as shown below and showed a result of over 670W/kg. Peak power=Imax∙(VIRFree+R∙Imax) 48h stand test showed very stable capacity retention with 0.95% capacity loss. Life Performance. After successfully completing the core tests, six batteries have been in testing for cycle life. Cycle life tests will be conducted until End of Life (EOL). Figure III - 8: C/3 capacity retention of LMO-free E400 in calendar life There is no significant degradation to 45°C and similar tendency is shown in DST capacity retention (96.1%, 92.4%, 89.0% and 82.2% at 25, 35, 45 and 55, respectively; after 24weeks). However, comparatively high degradation is observed at 55°C and this appears clearly in peak power retention (98.4%, 95.8%, 92.9% and 76.8% at 25, 35, 45 and 55, respectively; after 24 weeks). We can presume that unstable SEI forms on anode surface Energy Storage R&D 36 FY 2013 Annual Progress ReportPDF Image | Advanced Battery Development
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