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III.B.3 Innovative Cell Materials & Designs for EVs Tabacchi – NETL, Zhu – Nanosys It is critical to identify an appropriate high voltage electrolyte to enhance the cathode cyclability. The electrolyte composition has significant impact on the cycling performance of the cathodes. Cell #2 uses an electrolyte tailored to have high voltage stability, which shows much better cycling performance over the cell#1 that uses the regular electrolyte (Figure III - 52). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure III - 52: Cathode cyclability vs. different electrolyte Feasibility Test of High Energy Cells with Mn- rich Cathode and SiNANOde. In order to demonstrate very high energy density in the cells using Mn-rich cathode and ~1,300 mAh/g SiNANOde, various cells were designed to achieve 250, 300, 350, and 400 Wh/kg. One key finding from this work is that the rate capability needs to be improved. The cycle life test of each cell is carried out at 0.3C rate under 80% DOD. In the case of 400 Wh/kg-target cell, its initial capacity distinguishedly decreases, compared with other cells. The 400Wh/kg cell showed ~55% capacity retention at 150th cycle (Figure III - 53). Figure III - 54). This implies that the high capacity cathode also has negative impact on the cycle life of the high energy full cell (Figure III - 53), which suggests that in order to evaluate SiNANOde cyclability we should select other well-performing cathode (e.g., NCA or LCO or NCM). 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Cycle Cell#1 Cell#2 0 40 80 120 160 200 Cycle number Figure III - 54: ~1300 mAh/g SiNANOde cyclability Cell Design Study for High Energy Cells with Mn-rich Cathode and SiNANOde. It is found that the electrode loading is a dominant factor in demonstrating the high energy cell with Mn-rich cathode and SiNANOde. The electrodes with the desired high loadings are difficult to be coated on larger coater and result in the substantial increase in resistance. We have tried to prepare the electrode with higher loading through formulation work so that the pouch cells can be made in plant. In addition, cell design study has been carried out using three different grades of Si anode with specific capacity of 600, 800 and 1200 mAh/g, respectively. Only processable electrodes with high loading are used for the cell design study. The cell operation voltage is upto4.4V or4.5V(TableIII-11). Table III - 11: In plant – processable high loading electrode study for high energy cell design 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Cycle 400Wh/kg Loading Processable (in plant), 4.4 V Not processable (in plant), 4.4 V (~1300 mg/25 cm2) 600 mAh/g 225 Wh/kg 255 Wh/kg 800 mAh/g 240 Wh/kg 275 Wh/kg 1200 mAh/g 255 Wh/kg 300 Wh/kg Figure III - 53: Cycle life at 0.3C rate (80% DOD) The specific capacity of SiNANOde has been increased up to 1,300~1,400mAh/g by controlling Si nanowire content, shown in Figure III - 54. At beginning, the cell formation has been done at 0.05C. The high capacity SiNANOde material shows better cycle life at 0.5C (>88% retention so far). After 100 cycles, the cycle life will be typically more stable (see Cycle Life of 1.3 Ah Cell with 500~600 mAh/g Anode. The 1.3 Ah pouch cells are built using the baseline 550 mAh/g SiNANOde and LCO cathode (Figure III - 55). An energy density of 250 Wh/kg can be achieved in the cells. As the electrode has been heavily calendered the capacity retention is about 55% at 200th cycle. Energy Storage R&D 72 FY 2013 Annual Progress Report Discharge Capacity Normalized capacity (%) Anode specific capacity, mAh/gPDF Image | Advanced Battery Development
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