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Tabacchi – NETL, Zhu – Nanosys III.B.3 Innovative Cell Materials & Designs for EVs demonstrates that the SiNANOde can be very stable over cycles and also can be further improved by forming more stable SEI in the first 100 cycles. 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 50 100 150 200 Cycle 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0 150 300 450 600 750 Cycle # 900 1050 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 Cycle Figure III - 57: SiNANOde full cell cyclability SiNANOde cells’ self-discharge properties have been investigated at 20°C for one month or at 60°C for one week. SiNANOde cell’s self discharge and subsequent recharge is comparable to commercial graphite cells (Table III - 12). Table III - 12: SiNANOde Cell Self discharge Condition 8% SiNANOde/LCO Normalized to Graphite/LCO Control Figure III - 55: Cycle life of 250 Wh/kg pouch cell using 550 mAh/g SiNANOde at 0.5C rate (DOD 100) The pouch cells have showed acceptable cell thickness change of < 14% cell swelling over 300 cycles (Figure III - 56). Retention % @20°C at end of 1 month Realized capacity upon recharge after discharging at 20°C for 1 month Retention % @60°C at end of 1 week Realized capacity upon recharge after discharging at 60°C for 1 week 99.6% 98.7% 98.7% 99.3% 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 SiNANOde/LCO Pouch Cell SiNANOde/LCO Pouch Cell (500mAh): 4.2~3V 0 50 100 150 200 250 Cycle Number 300 350 Figure III - 56: Thickness change of High Energy Density Pouch Cells: SiNANOde/LCO Combining with the well-performed NCA cathode the SiNANOde full cell shows 80% retention after 1,000 cycles at +0.3C/-0.5C cycling. Relatively faster capacity fading was observed in the first 100 cycles (see Figure III - 57). Then the cell approached a more stable zone and last >1,000 cycles at a 80% retention. It We have developed a new electrolyte C1.1 that enables higher coulombic efficiency and hence cycling performance compard to a cell with the baseline electrolyte C1 over 250 cycles (Figure III - 58). SiNANOde development on different graphite substrates has been extensively explored, which results in a wide range of tunable Si nanowire density on the graphite substrate (Figure III - 59). Smaller graphite powders have higher surface area that can host more Si nanowires. It allows us to grow Si nanowires with >50%Si in the SiNANOde composite. The 500~700mAh/g -SiNANOde pouch cells have already showed >620Wh/L in conventional 4.2 ~3.0V range. The SiNANOde electrode density can be as high as 1.5g/cm3 (Figure III - 60) without breaking Si nanowires. FY 2013 Annual Progress Report 73 Energy Storage R&D Cell Swelling, % Discharge Capa. / % Discharge Capa. / mAh Normalized CapacityPDF Image | Advanced Battery Development
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