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III.B.3 Innovative Cell Materials & Designs for EVs Tabacchi – NETL, Zhu – Nanosys 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 1.1 50 0 C C 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Cycle 100.0 99.5 99.0 98.5 98.0 97.5 97.0 96.5 96.0 C1 C1.1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Cycle Figure III - 58: New electrolyte enables better cycling performance Figure III - 59: Si Nanowire grown on larger graphite powders (Left) and smaller graphite powders (Right) for 700mAh/g Figure III - 60: Calendered SiNANOde Anode (Left) and Graphite Anode (Right) with 1.5g/cm3 Conclusions and Future Directions We have made dramatic progress in Si composite anode (SiNANOdeTM), Mn-rich cathode and cell performance improvement. The specific capacity of SiNANOde can be controlled in a range of 500 to 1,800mAh/g by tuning amounts of engineered silicon nanowires, as needed. Initial coloumbic efficiency has been improved to more than 92% for all the SiNANOde products. Almost 100% utilization of Si capacity has been realized in the cells. By optimizing Si nanowire coverage and distribution on the desired graphite surface as well as by optimizing electrolyte and binder chemistry, cycle life has been greatly improved. We have demonstrated a cycle life of more than 700 cycles at a capacity retention of 81% for the SiNANOde with 700~1,000 mAh/g in half cell. We have also demonstrated good cycling performance of >1,000 cycles in the full cells combined with well-performed NCA cathodes. Further cathode development has achieved a reversible capacity of >255 mAh/g and has improved its C-rate performance from 0.2C to >0.5C even at high loading. Therefore, we are able to make full cells with high specific energies of 300~400Wh/kg using the SiNANOde of 1,200mAh/g and the improved cathode materials of 255mAh/g. We are determining the optimal Si percentage, electrode density and thickness so that we are able to achieve high energy density in the cells with good C- rate performance and cycling performance. Pouch cell have attained an energy density of 250Wh/kg using 550mAh/g SiNANOde and LCO cathode. The pouch cells have showed acceptable cell thickness increase of < 14% over 300 cycles. SiNANOde cell’s self discharge and subsequent recharge is comparable to commercial graphite cells. The hysteresis effect is less pronounced for 8%SiNANOde full cell in comparison with 8%Si powder-graphite full cell. We have developed a new electrolyte C1.1 that enables higher coulombic efficiency and hence cycling performance. In addition, SiNANOde development on different graphite substrate has been extensively explored, which results in a wide range of tunable Si nanowire density on the graphite substrate. The above results prove that the proposed technical approach is viable. FY 2013 Publications/Presentations 1. “Innovative Cell Materials and Design for 300 Mile Range EVs,” ES130_Zhu_2013_p, U.S. DOE Vehicle Technologies AMR, 2013 Energy Storage R&D 74 FY 2013 Annual Progress Report Coulombic efficiency, % Anode delithiation capacity, mAh/gPDF Image | Advanced Battery Development
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