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Tabacchi – NETL, Lopatin – Applied Materials III.C.3 High Capacity Alloy Anodes Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the alloy electrodes has been improved (Figure III - 88) by following techniques: grain size reduction, pre-lithiation, and combining alloy with graphite. Dense and porous versions of CuSnFe alloy depositions with thickness between 25-50 microns were developed. These 3D CuSn(Fe) electrodes were fabricated by using electroplating from acidic solutions. The mass loading, chemical composition, porosity, and thickness were controlled to obtain ~1.5 mAh/cm2. These alloy electrodes were then coated with graphite to obtain 3- 3.5 mAh/cm2. Samples were evaluated at ORNL, LBNL and Nissan TCNA in cell assemblies with different electrolytes (Figure III - 88). Improving CE was observed in electrolytes containing fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in the composition. Interim Cell Development. Full cells including 3DCuSnFe/graphite vs. NMC have been assembled and tested. Modular technological steps were developed for forming 3-3.5 mAh/cm2 cells including a methodology for graphite coating via a water soluble process to achieve adhesion to the 3DCuSnFe structures. Graphite was coated on 3D alloy of different loadings: 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mAh/cm2 for the 3DCuSnFe alloy. Assembly and testing of graphite coated 3D alloy electrodes showed results of 1280 cycles having high CE (Figure III - 89 and Figure III - 90). Capacity retention of 76.2% at 1280 cycles was demonstrated. Capacity, mAh/cm2 Figure III - 88: Half-cell capacity and CE vs. cycle number; for 3-3.5 mAh/cm2 cells; baseline with 3DCu/graphite and interim I, interim II including the 3DCuSnFe/graphite material with 30% thickness reduction Applied Materials and project partners continue to develop these cells in order to improve the cycling capability and energy density of the system. The second deliverable, eighteen interim cells, will be delivered to INL for further testing at the completion of formation protocol development including anode-cathode matching. Figure III - 89: Cycling test results for interim cell: 3DCuSnFe/Graphite vs. NMC. Measured capacity retention over 80% is ~1000 cycles FY 2013 Annual Progress Report 97 Energy Storage R&DPDF Image | Advanced Battery Development
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