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III.D.3 Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Cells for PHEVs Johnson – NETL, Sriramulu, Stringfellow – TIAX V) 18650 cells using the heater method. Representative thermal runaway data are shown in Figure III - 109. In this test, the cell surface temperature initially rises slowly due to the internal heating. At ~680 s (cell surface temperature of 110 oC), there is a sharp drop in the cell voltage and thermal runaway ensues as indicated by the rapid rise in cell surface temperature. The measured cell temperature in this experiment exceeded 700oC. Separate experiments have confirmed that the sharp drop in cell voltage is due to an internal hard short. This phenomenon will be discussed in detail in a future publication. 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 Time (s) 4 3 2 1 0 1500 2000 Model fit to the thermal runaway data. Figure III - 110 shows a comparison of the model fit to the experimental data from Figure III - 109. The only parameter adjusted was the power dissipated in the hard short. The model is able to determine the time and cell 1000 surface temperature at which thermal runaway occurs. Model Experiment 1500 2000 temperature between the model and the experiment to the experimental observation that the cell vents during thermal runaway, expelling electrolyte and active material mass, which is not yet taken into account in our model. 600 400 200 Figure III - 109: Experimental thermal runaway data from the heater experiment. The heater power was ~10 W and the external heat transfer coefficient was ~15 W/m2-K (low-level air flow past the cell) We attribute the slight disagreement in the peak 800 50 Kinetic Model 0 500 1000 Time (s) 4 3 2 1 0 0 Experimental Data 100 200 300 Temperature (deg-C) Kinetic Model Experimental Data 100 200 300 400 Temperature (deg-C) 20 15 10 5 0 Figure III - 110: Experimental thermal runaway data from the heater experiment. The heater power was ~10 W and the external heat transfer coefficient was ~15 W/m2-K Effect of ambient conditions on thermal runaway. Previous model calculations had shown 400 that increasing the heat transfer coefficient would prevent progression to thermal runaway. As shown in Figure III - 111, experimental data show that increasing the heat transfer coefficient from 12 W/m2-K (no air flow past the cell) to 50 W/m2-K (substantial air flow past the cell) when the cell surface temperature exceeded 130oC suppressed thermal runaway as predicted by the model. Heat flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g) Temperature (oC) Cell Surface Temperature (oC) Cell Voltage (V) 0 Figure III - 108: Kinetic models for heat generation were developed by fitting experimental DSC data for the materials used in our cells. Top plot shows fit to charged anode (graphite) data and bottom plot the fit to the charged cathode (NCA) data. The scan rate for the DSC measurement was 5oC/min Energy Storage R&D 112 FY 2013 Annual Progress ReportPDF Image | Advanced Battery Development
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