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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 Sensible heat Solid Metals Stones Concrete Liquid Water Oil Molten salts Solid/Liquid (Solid filler material) Water/pebbles Oil/cast iron Thermal energy storage Latent heat Solid-solid Salts Solid-liquid Water/Ice Salt hydrates Paraffins Salts Chemical heat Dissociating solids or liquids Gaseous compounds for catalytic reaction Sorption processes with solids or liquids Figure 1: Classification of the three TES concepts by physical phase and chemical reaction type. A characteristic of TES systems is that they are diversified with respect to temperature, power level and heat transfer fluids and that each application is characterized by its specific operation parameters. This requires the understanding of a broad portfolio of storage designs, media and methods. The temperatures range from below 0°C (e.g. ice slurries, latent heat ice storage) to around 1000 °C (e.g. regenerator in the high-temperature industry). In the intermediate temperature range (0 to 120 °C) water is the dominating liquid storage medium (e.g. space heating). This low-temperature heat is stored for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and domestic hot water supply. The major focus of the presented chapter is the temperature range above 120 °C for applications in the area of concentrated solar power (CSP) generation. For industrial waste heat recovery, similar high temperature TES systems can be utilized. For the different storage mechanisms, Figure 2 shows the working temperature and the relation between energy density and maturity. Storage mechanism Sensible heat: Solids Liquids Latent heat Heat of sorption Heat of reaction Maturity low high 0 °C -50 °C 100 °C 500°C 1000 °C Energy density Figure 2: Thermal energy storage mechanism, their working temperature and correlation to energy density and status of technical maturity. TES systems differ not only widely in terms of the temperature level, but also in terms of the heat carrier, or also known as heat transfer fluid (HTF). HTFs may be of single phase type (e.g. water, air, thermal oil) or two phase type with a condensation and evaporation process in high lowPDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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