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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 accumulator, which provides saturated steam at variable rather than constant pressure. On the other hand, other storage concepts may allow for a continuous discharge process with little variation in the power, temperature and pressure levels (e.g. two tank molten salt concepts). In most cases TES systems correct the temporal mismatch between the supply and demand of energy. In some cases TES systems aim to correct the local mismatch between the supply and demand of energy. A simple example is a thermal pack for beverage cooling. In the transport sector, TES systems in vehicles could potentially lead to improvements in the propulsion and human comfort during cold months. The transportation of thermal energy using vehicles with a TES is also examined (e.g. industrial waste heat recovery). Another way to classify TES is the type of energy conversion process. The major types are the following. Heat-to-heat - For TES usually only reversible heat-to-heat processes are considered Chemical energy-to-heat - A special kind of heat storage media are fossil or nuclear fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or uranium. These are characterized by a very high energy density compared to TES and an irreversible application. Since storage is understood in this article as a reversible process which can be repeated more or less indefinitely, the irreversible storage processes and their materials will not be treated here. Electricity-to-heat - This process is utilized by night storage heaters and this storage type may also be defined as a TES system. 1.2. Thermophysical properties and general material requirements The following requirements should be met by heat storage materials: Large gravimetric storage capacity (high heat capacity, latent heat or heat of reaction) Large volumetric storage capacity (high density and gravimetric values listed above) Long service life, nontoxic, nonflammable, no explosive phases, simple in handling (e.g. hygroscopy) Non-corrosive with respect to the containment, the heat exchanger and heat transfer enhancement structures (e.g. fins); utilization of inexpensive structural materials Ability to undergo charging – discharging cycles without losses in performance and storage capacity over many cycles (high cycling and thermal stability) Suitable material costs, high availability High thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity values (high heat transfer rates) Small density change versus temperature to minimize thermo-mechanical stress A decisive criterion of a heat storage medium is its price and the costs that arise upon its utilization. Long life and a high cycling stability are prerequisites for economic application, i.e., at a price competitive with existing storage facilities. The volumetric and gravimetric energy densities of the materials have a decisive impact on the capacity of the storage system. A high volumetric heat capacity ρcp reduces the storage volume of a sensible heat storage system. Equation 1 defines the thermal diffusivity a, where λ is the thermal conductivity and ρ the density. Equation 2 defines the thermal effusivity b. a cp (1)PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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