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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 2. Storage of sensible heat Sensible heat always results in an increase or decrease of the material temperature. All materials have a capability of absorbing and storing heat due to the fact that they have a mass m and a specific heat capacity cp at constant pressure. The heat capacity increases with temperature. The underlying theory is described by the Debye model. For a temperature difference ΔT = T2 − T1 this heat (or enthalpy) amounts to Qsensible (Equation 3). Q mc T T sensible p 2 1 mcp T (3) T2 denotes the material temperature at the end of the heat absorbing (charging) process and T1 at the beginning of this process. This heat is released in the respective discharging process. For high enough temperatures and pure solids (especially heavy elements), the specific heat per mole of a substance is about 3R (Dulong – Petit rule), with R being the molar gas constant (R = 8.31441 J mol−1K−1). Thus, the molar thermal energy qmol stored in solids can be approximated by Equation 4. qmol 3RT (4) Thus, approximately 25 J/mol can be stored with a temperature difference of ΔT = 1 K. With the molar mass M (kg/mol), the thermal energy q stored per mass is obtained (Equation 5). q cpT qmol M (5) Figure 4 shows the volumetric heat capacity ρcp of selected solids and liquids at atmospheric pressure. Typically, non-porous solids have ρcp values in the range 1.5 to 6 MJ/(m3K) (Cverna 2002). 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Water (liquid) Iron (solid/liquid) Copper (solid/liquid) Aluminium (solid/liquid) Lithium fluoride (liquid) Sodium Nitrate (solid/liquid) Sodium chloride (solid/liquid) Graphite (solid) Quartz glass (solid) Dry concrete (solid) Diphenyl oxide/diphenyl (liquid) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Temperature [°C] Figure 4: Volumetric heat capacity of selected solid and liquids at atmospheric pressure. Volumetric heat capacity [MJ/(m3K)]PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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