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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 Table 1 gives an overview of different sensible heat storage systems based on liquids and solids. The classification is based on several factors, including the number of storage volumes (column 2 and 3 in Table 1), direct or indirect storage with and without filler material (rows), phase change in the HTF, as well as direct and indirect contact of HTF and storage medium. Direct storage systems utilize a single medium for the HTF and the storage medium. The approach demands limited research and development efforts due to its simple design. An additional solid filler material may be used. This filler material can ensure stratification within the storage volume and can be inexpensive compared to the HTF. Indirect storage systems utilize a different HTF and storage medium. A separate HTF and storage medium may be used for the following reasons: The HTF is expensive (e.g. synthetic thermal oil) The HTF has a low volumetric energy density (e.g. gas, steam) The HTF is pressurized (e.g. steam, water, thermal oil), whereas the larger storage volume is at atmospheric pressure for economic reasons Indirect storage systems require sufficient heat transfer rates from the HTF to the storage medium. In all indirect storage concepts the maximum temperature of the working fluid is lower during the discharge process than during the charging process due to the unavoidable necessary temperature difference between working fluid and storage material. The HTF and storage media may be either of direct contact or indirect contact type. The indirect contact can be realized by an external heat exchanger or an embedded tube register in the storage volume. The minimization of temperature gradients and cost-effective designs of the heat exchanger are central issues for all indirect storage concepts. Table 1: Classification of sensible heat storage concepts. Direct storage of HTF (identical HTF and storage media) One storage volume (with stratification) No phase change in the HTF (e.g. hot water tank) Phase change in the HTF (e.g. steam accumulator) Two storage volumes (hot and cold tank) No phase change in the HTF (e.g. two tanks with molten salt; two tanks with thermal oil) Direct storage of HTF with additional solid filler (combined storage within HTF and filler) Direct contact of HTF and storage medium (e.g. molten salt/rock thermocline; thermal oil/cast iron; water/pebble bed) This concept is usually not considered, because the filler material can ensure stratification (see left) Indirect storage with different HTF and storage medium Direct contact of HTF and storage medium (e.g. Cowper regenerator with gases as HTF) Direct contact of HTF and storage medium (e.g. two tanks with transport of particles and air as HTF, early research) Indirect contact of HTF and storage medium (e.g. concrete storage with thermal oil, steam or pressurized water as HTF) Indirect contact of HTF and storage medium (e.g. two tanks with molten salt with thermal oil as HTF)PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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