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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 2.1.3. Thermal oil systems Oil is a common heat transfer fluid and has also been used as a liquid storage material. For example, mineral oil can be used at ambient pressures up to about 300 °C. Synthetic oils are thermally stable up to 400 °C, but at higher temperatures they have to be pressurized which is often uneconomic. As filler material cast iron has been tested. Among the nine parabolic trough power plants SEGS I- SEGS IX built in California between 1985 and 1991, only SEGS-I was equipped with a storage unit allowing the operation of the 14 MWel plant for about 3 hours (Figure 6) (Herrmann 2002). In contrast to the later SEGS- plants, SEGS-I uses a mineral oil as heat transfer medium in the solar collectors, which is significantly cheaper than the synthetic VP1 oil applied in the other SEGS-plants. The relatively low cost mineral oil allowed the direct storage in an additional volume of hot heat transfer fluid. This approach is not cost-effective with VP1 not only due to the higher costs of the heat transfer fluid: at 400 °C VP1 requires a pressure of about 11 bar, so a pressure vessel is needed for storage. In SEGS-I about 3260 m3 mineral oil were stored in the hot tank at a temperature of 307 °C. The storage system was damaged by a fire in 1999. 240°C Cold Oil Tank Solar field Mineral oil loop 305°C Hot Oil Tank Turbine G Condensor Steam generator Figure 6: Simplified scheme of SEGS-I parabolic trough plant with direct storage of heat transfer fluid.PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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