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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 Figure 9: Distribution of investment costs for an indirect two-tank storage system (Kelly 2006). 2.2. Sensible heat storage in solids 2.2.1. Materials Solid materials can be utilized in a wide temperature range and heated up to very high temperature (e.g. magnesia bricks in Cowper regenerators to 1000 oC). Solids are often chemically inert and have a low vapor pressure. In addition, the containment can often be simpler compared to systems based on liquids. Solid storage materials can be broadly classified as metals and non-metals. Table 4 lists selected examples of solid storage media with their thermal properties (Tamme 2009). Table 4: Thermophysical properties of solids for sensible heat storage Material Aluminum 99.99 % Copper (commercial) Iron Lead Brick (dry) Concrete (aggregates) Granite Graphite Limestone Sandstone Slag Sodium chloride Soil (clay) Soil (gravelly) 10−3×b, [J/(m2Ks1/2)] 24.66 35.97 T, ρ, cp, λ, 106×a, oC [kg/m3] [kJ/(kg·K)] [W/(m·K)] [m2/s] 20 2700 0.945 238.4 93.3 20 8300 0.419 372 107 20 7850 0.465 59.3 16.3 14.7 20 11340 0.131 20 1800 0.84 20 2200 0.72 20 2750 0.89 20 2200 0.61 20 2500 0.74 20 2200 0.71 20 2700 0.84 20 2165 0.86 20 1450 0.88 20 2040 1.84 35.25 23.6 7.24 0.50 0.33 0.87 1.45 0.94 1.52 2.9 1.18 2.67 155 120 2.2 1.19 2.02 1.8 1.15 1.68 0.57 0.25 1.13 6.5 3.5 3.5 1.28 1.0 1.28 0.59 0.16 1.49 14.41 Natural materials in the form of rocks and pebbles are abundant and cheap. For low temperatures, rock and soil can be used as ground storage. For high temperatures, the thermo- mechanical stability of the solids is important. Here, rocks such as granite, basalt and quartzite, as well as pebbles can have suitable properties. Of the manufactured solid materials, various ceramics are widely used as heat storage materials. In the low temperature range, bricks act as a buffer for the climatisation of buildings. At higher temperatures, refractory bricks based on oxides (silica, alumina, magnesia and iron oxide - feolite), carbonates (e.g. magnesite) and their mixtures arePDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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