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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 the density with temperature of the storage material, characterized by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), is important in terms of the thermo-mechanical design of the storage system. The CTE of the storage material should fit the CTE of the embedded metallic heat exchanger material. Other important solid storage media requirements include high availability, low capital costs, safety, high thermal (cycling) stability and good processability. Table 6: Thermophysical properties of high temperature concrete in a range from 25 to 400 °C. Name Density Heat capacity Thermal conductivity The storage capacity of sensible storage systems depends on the temperature variation during the charging process. Figures for capacity-specific costs for the storage material require the definition of the temperature variation in the storage material during the discharge process. This value is also slightly influenced by the temperature range, since the specific heat capacity is temperature dependent. During recent years, concrete storage systems intended for parabolic through power plants using synthetic oil as heat transfer fluid have been developed. This storage unit is operated between 290°C and 390°C with daily charging and discharging cycles (Figure 11). For this application, a parallel steel tube heat exchanger design using a concrete with quartz aggregates and a low level of binder made of blast furnace cement and flue ash is considered to be the most cost-effective solution. Equation ρ ≈ 2.25 g/cm3# cp = 0.7 + 8.75E-4 ∙T(°C) λ = 1.467 - 6.667E-4∙T(°C) Value at 25 °C cp = 0.72 J/(g∙K) Value at 400 °C cp = 1.05 J/(g∙K) λ = 1.20 W/(m∙K) λ = 1.45 W/(m∙K) # Constant value for thermal modeling, CTE = 11.6E-6 1/K at 350 °C. Solar field Turbine G Condensor Synthetic oil loop Figure 11: Parabolic trough power plant with integrated concrete storage. The optimization of the operation strategy offers an option for improving the efficiency of a solid medium storage. If the mass flow rate through the storage and the inlet temperature are kept constant during the charging process, the temperature at the outlet of the storage unit increases dependent on the charging state. Usually, this temperature is limited to avoid damaging of the absorbers. Consequently, the charging must be stopped and the capacity of the storage unit cannot be utilized completely. By applying modular storage units, the usable storage capacity can be increased. An improved adaptation of the storage to the demands of the power cycle during the discharging process results in a further increase of the usable capacity (Laing 2008). Concrete storage unit Steam generatorPDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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