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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 A test module with a capacity of 350 kWh was connected to parabolic trough collectors of the Plataforma Solar Almeria and operated successfully during summer 2003. Long-term stability of the concrete storage approach was proven by operation of an enhanced storage module from 2008 to 2011 up to 400 °C (Figure 12, Figure 13). While these test units were operated with synthetic oil as heat transfer medium, concrete storage is also considered for application with superheated steam. A second generation concrete storage module with a capacity of about 300 kWh is being built and tested for operation with steam at 100 bar (Laing 2010). The specific investment costs for a storage unit with a capacity of 1100 MWhth is estimated to be in the range of 34 €/kWhth (Bahl 2009). Currently, the focus of the ongoing development is on options to reduce the investment costs. These costs are dominated by the heat exchanger embedded in the storage volume. Various options to increase the effective heat conductivity within the storage material have been investigated. The homogenous addition of materials having a high thermal conductivity has not shown a significant potential for cost reduction. In another approach, additional heat transfer structures are integrated into the storage material to reduce the number of tubes needed for the heat exchanger. Figure 12: Photo of a concrete storage module during long-term testing. Figure 13: Schematic layout of a concrete storage module showing the main elements tube register, concrete storage material and heat transfer fluid collector (without insulation).PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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