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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 2.2.5. Other high temperature thermal energy storage systems Direct contact storage systems can also be operated with liquid HTFs. Here, the main aim is to displace expensive liquid storage media by cost-effective solids. This approach was chosen at the Solar One central receiver plant, using a mixture of thermal oil, sand and gravel stored in a single tank. The hot fluid at the top is separated from the cold fluid at the bottom by buoyant forces. This thermocline system is charged by feeding hot thermal oil into the top of the tank. During the discharge process, hot oil is taken from the top of the tank, pumped through a heat exchanger and returned to the bottom of the tank. Due to the selected thermal oil the maximum temperature of heat provided by this system was about 315°C. The thermocline concept was also investigated using molten salt as the HTF (Pacheco 2002b). For solar tower systems, receivers using solid particles, such as spherical sintered bauxite, as a heat transfer fluid are examined. Potentially, a two tank sensible TES systems with cold and hot solid particles could be used. This concept still requires the assessment of several issues. These aspects include the long-term thermo-mechanical stability of the particles, parasitic loads for particle transport and effective heat transfer between particles and working fluids.PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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