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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 tcyl,s tw,sCF l R 2 1 R (13) CFlnR1l1 2l (14) 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 Figure 14: Geometric cylinder factor CF depending on the dimensionless PCM thickness l/R. An illustrative example is the solidification of ice. The growth of 10 cm of ice on a plane wall will take about 37 hours (Equation 12), if a temperature difference Tm minus Tw of 5 K is assumed. The solidification time of the growth of 10 cm of ice around a tube with a radius of 1 cm more than doubles compared to the plane wall (Equation 13, Figure 14 with l/R = 10). Many applications require melting and solidification times in the order of hours. These conditions result in a storage design with a large number of closely packed heat exchanger tubes embedded in the PCM. For example water-ice storage systems utilize such design. The ice bank consists of a closely packed polyethylene tube heat exchanger. Low temperature glycol solution is circulated through the tubes, which freezes the water around them (Ure 2011). For other applications, the closely packed tubular heat exchanger design is often uneconomic. Unfavorable factors include high temperatures (e.g. polymers cannot be utilized), high pressures of the heat carrier (e.g. water or steam), corrosion allowance of the tube walls and pressure losses in the closely packed tubular heat exchanger. Consequently, the development of many PCM storage systems requires the identification of alternative heat transfer concepts to overcome the heat conduction limitations of the PCM (Zalba 2003, Sharma 2005, Tamme 2008, Steinmann 2008, Regin 2008, Agyenim 2010). Figure 15 gives an overview of PCM storage concepts with enhanced heat transfer between the storage material and heat transfer fluid. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Dimensionless PCM thickness l/R Dimensionless cylinder factor CFPDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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