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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 embedded heat exchanger in the PCM. Cooling application employ the concept of transportation of solid PCM in the form of slurries. There are various methods to generate ice including the concepts of falling film, scraper and harvester. The latter one uses intermediate warming of the exchanger plates resulting in the ice in contact with the plates melting and falling down (Ure 2011). At high temperature the transportation of solid PCM is usually not considered. 3.3. Low temperature latent heat storage applications (< 120°C) For refrigeration below 0°C, ice slurries using a solution of water-salt (brine) and water- glycol can be utilized. Applications are industrial processes and space cooling. Within the solution fine solid crystals are suspended. A major advantage of the slurries is that they can be pumped. Hence, they can act as both the heat carrier and the heat storage medium. The slurry has the advantage of a larger heat capacity compared to the solution. For space cooling, latent heat water-ice storage systems are commercially available. These systems utilize different heat transfer concepts. In the ice-on-coil design the ice grows around the heat exchanger tubes. Another concept utilizes spherical capsules filled with the PCM water/ice (macro-encapsulation). These capsules are surrounded by the heat transfer fluid. Both, coils and capsules are commonly made of polymers such as polyethylene. At this stage, alternative direct contact heat transfer concepts to reduce costs of the heat exchanger or the capsules are examined but have not evolved commercially. Another very old concept is the use of natural ice (or snow) as a seasonal storage to supply cold in summer. Nowadays, there is an interest in the cooling of buildings and many snow storage demonstration plants have been built. For the transportation of food, beverage and other products smaller insulated boxes with encapsulated ice modules are commonly used. Mehling summarized applications for solar heating and cooling (Mehling 2008). There are several commercial PCM products without a heat carrier fluid (passive systems). In these applications the PCM increases the heat capacity of the system and the PCM stabilizes the temperature of the system. Commercial PCM products are available in the areas of insulated transport containers (e.g. medical applications), the thermal management of electronic equipment, electric heating systems (e.g. floor heating) and human body comfort (e.g. pocket heater, clothes). Another area of commercial products is the space cooling of buildings. In particular in lightweight buildings with a low thermal mass, the PCM can reduce temperature fluctuation and cut peak temperatures. There are different ways to insert the PCM in the building. They include the additional use of boards and panels, such as gypsum plasterboard with microencapsulated paraffin and aluminum bags filled with salt hydrates. Another option is the integration of the PCM into the building material, such as plaster and concrete containing microencapsulated PCM. For the heating and cooling of buildings, PCM systems with a heat carrier fluid, commonly water and air, have been researched. The advantage of these active systems is that they have a higher heat transfer rate (or shorter charge/discharge time) compared to passive systems. For buildings, the discharge of the PCM at night is a key issue. Cooling of the PCM in the building can be achieved by a cold forced convection stream of night air which passes the PCM unit. The PCM systems can be located in the floor, ceiling, wall or ventilation channels. In some cases the outside air is too warm at night and cooling with night air can not be utilized. In this situation, water or brine as a heat carrier fluid and alternative cold sources can be used. The cold can be from natural sources (e.g. ground water and soil) or from artificial sources (e.g. absorption chiller). Typically, the water or brine flows through capillary tubes within the PCM panels or boards. The replacement of conventional hot water storage systems, mainly for space heating and tap water in households, is also of research interest. Typical storage temperatures range from 40 to 70 °C. The heat transfer is usually limited by the low thermal conductivity of the PCMs. Heat transfer designs includePDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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