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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 mainly indirect contact concepts (e.g. heat exchanger tubes with and without fins, as well as encapsulated-PCM in the water), but also other concepts (direct contact concepts, PCM slurries). 3.4. High-temperature latent heat storage applications (> 120°C) In CSP-technology development, the direct generation of steam in the absorber tubes has sparked interest in latent heat storage systems. The latent heat system acts as a steam storage system for the two phase heat carrier water/steam. The melting temperature for candidate PCMs is between 120°C and 340°C. Here, the application of storage concepts using sensible heat storage is usually not cost-effective. For two phase heat carriers, sensible heat storage systems have a low energy efficiency, or large Exergy, due to the large temperature gradients between storage media and HTFs. On the other hand, in a latent heat storage system, both the PCM and the heat carrier undergo a phase change at about the same temperature. Hence, it is possible to avoid larger temperature differences between carrier and storage. The latent heat storage systems utilize a fined parallel pipe heat exchanger that is integrated into the PCM (Figure 17). During the charging process, the steam condenses inside the pipes and the PCM melts. During discharging, the solidifying PCM releases heat, the water evaporates inside the pipes and steam is generated. Applications of these steam storage systems include the areas of solar thermal power, combined heat and power, as well as solar and industrial process steam. Figure 17 shows a PCM demonstration system with about 14 tones of sodium nitrate as a PCM (Tamme 2008, Steinmann 2008). Figure 17: Schematic drawing (left) and photo (right) of a PCM storage module with integrated fins for enhanced heat transfer (figures without insulation) Other potential high-temperature latent heat storage systems have also been examined. They focus on PCM application with a larger temperature range (e.g., T > 50 K). Cascaded PCM storage units to enlarge the temperature interval for single-phase heat carriers. In this system various PCMs with different melting temperatures can be composed to form a cascaded system (Michels 2006). PCM systems using a melting range rather than a single melting point for single phase heat carriers (Bauer 2010)PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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