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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 as the theoretically estimated volumetric energy density of the system Δhsys. The Δhsys values show that storage of gaseous reaction products at 50 bar result in a low Δhsys compared to the volumetric energy density of the educt Δhr,educt (see ammonium salt, peroxide salts, carbonates and metal hydrides). On the other hand, storage of liquid (or liquefied) reaction products or utilization of atmospheric gases leads to a high volumetric energy density of the system Δhsys (see hydroxides and salt hydrates). Table 9: Temperature and heat of reaction of solid-gas reactions for thermochemical heat storage Material T Δh r r,educt (1 bar) [kJ/mol] [°C] Δh r, educt [kWh/ton] 372 373 813 463 91 251 114 123 395 463 298 834 319 Δh * [kWh/m3] Δh *,** r,educt sys Hydroxides Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O Ammonium salt NH4HSO4NH3+H2+SO3 Salt hydrates MgSO4·7H2OMgSO4+7H2O CaCl2·2H2OCaCl2·H2O+H2O CuSO4·5H2OCuSO4·H2O+4H2O CuSO4·H2O CuSO4 + H2O Peroxide salts BaO2 BaO + 1⁄2O2 KO2 1⁄2 K2O + 3⁄4 O2 Carbonates CaCO3 CaO + CO2 BaCO3 BaO + CO2 Metal hydrides MgH2 Mg + H2 Mg2NiH4 Mg2Ni + 2H2 * Solids: assumed is a powder with 50% pore volume ** Liquids (stored below 50 bar): H2O, NH3, SO3 Gases stored at 50 bar: H2, O2, CO2, O2 [kWh/m3] 442 323 410 324 727 136 389 272 84 75 287 216 163 142 305 66 423 64 626 113 661 139 605 41 -- 268 78 505 104 467 337 782 75 668 101 896 167 1497 212 293 79 253 128 122 411 174 48 104 226 205 73 The volumetric energy density of the system Δhsys is based on the volume of the reactant and products. The pressure vessel and other system components are not included. In the low temperature range, adsorption processes using water with materials such as silica gel and zeolites are utilized. For high temperature CSP applications, adsorption systems are currently not considered. Hence, sorption is not discussed further here. The dissociation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O) has been investigated and reversibility of the reaction could be proven with a reaction enthalpy of 104 kJ/mol and an equilibrium temperature of 505 °C at 1 bar. DLR investigated this reaction system for several years. For later large scale application in solar trough power plants, this system has favorable properties in terms of its temperature range, low material cost and its availability. Complete reversibility as well as cycling stability could be shown by thermal analysis (Schaube 2010). Concerning central air receivers, a recent project led by General Atomics in cooperation with DLR explores the experimental feasibility of using different multivalent solid oxides for high temperature thermochemical heat storage (Wong 2010). For such a thermochemical storage system, one of the identified potential candidates is based on manganese oxide redox reactions (Stobhe 1999): 6 Mn2O3 4 Mn3O4 + O2. This step is thermodynamicallyPDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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