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Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 favorable at relevant temperatures for applications with a central air receiver and has a reaction enthalpy of 31.8 kJ per mol of Mn2O3. 4.2. Liquid-gas reactions For seasonal domestic heating, the reaction of NaOH and water is examined. Storage charging is accomplished by NaOH concentration (water release). For storage discharging, water is absorbed by the concentrated NaOH (Weber 2008). The application of the same reaction in vehicles dates back to 1880. A railway locomotive, called the “caustic soda locomotive” or "Honigmann locomotive" operated between Jülich and Aachen in 1882 (Beckmann 1984). 4.3. Gas-gas reactions Gas-gas reactions usually require a catalyst to obtain high reaction rates. Table 10 lists examples of gas-gas reactions with their temperature of reaction and their heat of reaction related to the educt reactant. Table 10: Temperature and heat of reaction of gas-gas reactions for thermochemical heat storage Material NH3 1/2 N2 + 3/2 H2 SO3 SO2 +1/2 O2 CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 CH4 + CO2 2CO + 2H2 T Δh r r,educt (1 bar) [kJ/mol] [°C] 195 49 767 98 687 205 687 247 Δh r, educt [kWh/ton] 799 340 1672 1143 Δh * [kWh/m3] Δh *,** r,educt sys [kWh/m3] 546 21 678 82 n/a 23 n/a 24 * Solids: assumed is a powder with 50% pore volume Liquids (stored below 50 bar): H2O, NH3, SO3, SO2 Gases stored at 50 bar: H2, O2, CO2, O2, CO ** The volumetric energy density of the system Δhsys is based on the volume of the reactant and products. The pressure vessel and other system components are not included. Applications in the areas of storage and transportation could utilize gas-gas reactions. The reaction products are transported in a pipeline from the charging source to the consumer with a discharging sink. This system is called chemical heat pipeline or chemical heat pipe (Figure 19). Figure 19: Schematic of the simplified principle of a chemical heat pipeline. Thermochemical storage by heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase reactions has been demonstrated for the catalytic dissociation of ammonia in a 15 kW solar reactor by the Australian National University. The aim of this application is the dissociation of NH3 into nitrogen and hydrogen by solar heat (Lovegrove 2004). The stored heat is retrieved by recombination of N2 and H2 to form ammonia. A closed thermochemical cycle for solar driven methane reforming was successfully tested in a directly irradiated solar reformer in 280PDF Image | Annual Review of Heat Transfer
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