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Storage Principle Low-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage In sensible heat storage, thermal energy is stored in a temperature change of the heat storage medium. The amount of stored heat is directly proportional to the change of the temperature. Water is one of the most common mediums used in low-temperature thermal energy storage (TES). The range of low-temperature sensible heat storage can thus be generally defined as the temperature interval in which water exists in the liquid state at barometric pressure (0 °C – 100 °C). Most of the materials used for low-temperature sensible heat TES are inexpensive, non-toxic and recyclable. Low-temperature sensible heat TES systems have generally very high Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Some of the technologies have been in use for decades. The most common methods of low- temperature sensible heat TES are heat storage tanks, water pit storage, aquifers and boreholes. The thermal mass of building structures can be utilized for heat and cold storage in built environments. Power to heat has become another important application of low-temperature sensible heat TES given the rapid development of renewable power generation. Figure 1. Methods of sensible heat thermal energy storage [1] Figure 2. Thermal energy storage tank under construction [2] Power range (MW): 0 to > 20 Feasible size (MWh): small-scale (kWh- range) to over 10,000 Energy density (kWh/m3): 15 – 80[1] Response time (min.): < 1 Technical lifetime (y): > 20 Temperature range (°C): 0 - 100 Technical Characteristics Worldwide use: widespread Installation costs (€/kWh): as low as 0.5 Technology readiness level: 9 Challenges in development Reduction of heat losses More efficient heat exchangers Improvement of lifespan Maturity High TRL Low capital costs per kWh Affordable and safe storage media Versatility and flexibility Barriers Low energy density Suitable locations for large-scale TES Potential of technology https://eera-es.eu/ EERA Joint Program on Energy Storage SP3 on Thermal Energy Storage August 2018PDF Image | Brochure on Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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