Brochure on Thermal Energy Storage Technologies

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Brochure on Thermal Energy Storage Technologies ( brochure-thermal-energy-storage-technologies )

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High-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage Storage Principle Sensible high temperature heat storage (SHTHS) raises or lowers the temperature of a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g. sand, pressurized water, molten salts, oil, ceramics, rocks) in order to store and release thermal energy for high- temperature applications (above 100°C). The amount of stored heat is proportional to the density, specific heat, volume, and temperature variation of the storage materials. Basically, specific heat, density and thermal conductivity are the main thermal properties of sensible heat storage materials.Fig. 1 shows the main thermal properties of sensible heat materials. At higher temperatures the most common liquid storage material is molten salt (Fig. 2). The salt is pumped between a cold and a hot storage tank for (dis-)charging. In direct systems the salt is used as a storage medium and heat transfer fluid at the same time. Indirect systems employ a heat exchanger with an additional thermal oil cycle. Power and capacity of the storage are thus linked to separate units in the system, heat exchanger and storage tanks, respectively. Already highly commercialised, the grid-connected molten salt storage capacity for CSP grew larger than 30 GWhth in 2015. Fig. 1. Thermal properties of sensible heat materials [1]. Fig. 2. Aerial view of Crescent Dunes storage [2]. Potential of technology  Simple application with available materials.  Long lifetime  Cost-effective and long storage duration Barriers  Limitations arising from material properties  Pressure losses and temperature decrease at the end of discharge mode (solids)  Large size and temperature swing. Technical characteristics Typical Power Range (MW): up to 300 MW [5] Feasible size: up to 6 GWh liquid, 0.1 – 4 GWh solid media Energy density (kWh/m3): T=200°C138-176 [3] T=300°C207-264 [3] T=500°C345-440 [3] Response time: Minutes, but depends on heat transfer area (solids) and heat exchanger (liquids) and the storage design and system integration. Technical lifetime (y): 30 [6] Temperature range (°C):100-1000°C Maturity Installed worldwide: Installation costs (€/kWh): Technology readiness level: 30 GWhth of molten salt in 2015 15-40 [2] 4 (solids) - 9 (liquids) [2] Challenges in development  Reduce the size by increasing operation temperature window  Develop single tank for liquids  Develop packed bed storage  Identify and qualify new fluids  Develop salt-based nanofluids https://eera-es.eu/ EERA Joint Program on Energy Storage SP3 on Thermal Energy Storage August 2018

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