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Storage Principle Low-Temperature Latent Heat Storage 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 meltingtemperature( C) hydr ate metal (+eutectic) other other inorganic other organic paraffin Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) systems with phase change materials (PCMs) store large amounts of heat at a nearly constant temperature. Most commonly applied materials are solid/liquid PCMs where the phase transition is defined by melting and solidification. PCMs with phase change between -40 to 100 °C are especially attractive for low temperature applications, where volume plays a critical role. Otherwise, water instead of PCM is preferable because of its lower specific costs and ease of use. Most of low temperature PCMs have a low heat conductivity which then makes heat transfer enhancement techniques, i.e. fins or additives like graphite, necessary. Figures 1 and 2 give an overview of latent heat and energy density versus phase change temperature of PCMs reported in literature [1-5]. Most important parameters and their common values are given below: Specific costs: 0.03 - 1 €/Wh Heat conductivity: 0.15 – 0.7 W/mK Energy density: 55 - 350 kJ/dm3 Fig. 1: Latent heat vs. phase change temperature of various low temperature PCMs (data [1-5]). 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 meltingtemperature( C) water hydrate other inorganic other organic water 10 K delta T Technical Characteristics Typical Power (kW): - Feasible size: application- dependent Energy density (kWh/m3): 14 – 100 Response time: application- dependent Technical lifetime (y): 10-50 Temperature range (°C): -40 - 100 Efficiency (%): - Fig. 2: Energy density vs. phase change temperature of various PCMs (data [1-5]). Potential of technology Switchable and controllable store and release of thermal energy Environmental-friendly and widely available materials Potential barriers High costs Low heat conductivity of PCM Toxicity, corrosivity, flammability Maturity Technology readiness level: 4 – 7 Challenges in development The research activities in the field are currently carried out at materials, components and system level. https://eera-es.eu/ EERA Joint Program on Energy Storage SP3 on Thermal Energy Storage August 2018 energy density (kJ/dm3) melting enthalpy (kJ/kg)PDF Image | Brochure on Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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