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Storage Principle High-Temperature Latent Heat Storage Figure 2. PCM working concept (LHTES) with 5 mm high- temperature PCM capsule with voids shown in the centre [1]. (a) (b) Figure 2. HT-LHTES (a) encapsulated PCM [2] and (b) lab-scale testing device [2]. Potential of technology Balancing heat demand and supply for domestic, industrial and commercial applications Power-to-Heat applications for grid stabilisation Renewable heat and electrification of heat Waste heat utilisation Barriers High component costs Low TRL for most HT-LHTES storage systems HT-PCM material availability with different melting ranges High cost of PCMs for some temperature ranges Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems exploit melting and solidification phenomena of a phase change material (PCM) to absorb or release heat at a nearly constant temperature, as shown in Fig. 1. PCMs are particularly attractive due to high-energy storage density and small temperature variation in the storage and retrieval processes. LHTES can be broadly classified into two categories of low temperature (up to 100°C) and high temperature (HT-LHTES, above 100°C), with the latter being described here. Depending on working temperature range and type of application, the materials for HT- LHTES can be sugar alcohols, metals and their alloys, or salts [1]. Different device designs and system configurations can be adopted for using the PCMs depending on the chemical and physical compatibility of the storage materials with heat transfer medium and containment, and thermal conductivity and volume change during phase transition of the storage materials. Fig. 2 shows some examples of device designs. Technical Characteristics Power of a single typical device (MWth): 0.7- 6 [3,4] Typical size of a single device (MWh): 0.01-10 [3] Maturity Energy density (kWh/m3): 90-100 [3] Typical operation mode: charge 4-10 hours; discharge 12-24 hours [7][8] Response time (min.): 2-8 [4] Installation costs (€/kWh)1: 20- 80 [4][8] Technology readiness level: 5-8 [3] Challenges in development Thermal and chemical stability at high temperatures [6] Mechanical stability at high Technical lifetime (y): 10000 cycles [4] temperatures Temperature range (°C): 100- Chemical compatibility between 1000[3] Cost (€/kWh)5: 20-80 [3] Efficiency (%): 90-98 [4] PCM and other components Cost-effective PCMs with melting temperature between 300 and 600oC 5 Projected costs for mature HT-LHTES technology. https://eera-es.eu/ EERA Joint Program on Energy Storage SP3 on Thermal Energy Storage August 2018PDF Image | Brochure on Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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