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Thermochemical Energy Storage – Chemical Reactions Storage Principles Thermochemical energy storage (TCS) with chemical reactions is one of the most promising storage technologies of the future. The principle of TCS is a reversible gas-solid reaction consisting of two reactants. There are two basic driving forces for the reaction: a) a supply or release of thermal energy and b) an increase or decrease in the availability of the reactants. While some reactions offer extremely high storage densities, the main characteristics of TCS systems are that the storage period is free of losses and the heat release is controllable with respect to time, temperature and power level. Furthermore, as the reaction temperature of equilibrium reactions is a function of the gas pressure, the reaction temperature is adjustable. This has major implications that allow not only thermal energy storages to be realized, but also heat pumps, heat transformers and combinations of both [1]. Figure 3. Generalized reversible gas-solid reaction mechanism. Figure 4. 100 kWh pilot plant for TCS with quicklime (DLR). Technical Characteristics Typical Power (MW): application- specific Feasible size (MWh): Energy density (kWh/m3): 100 – 400 [2] Response time (min.): <1 [3] Temperature range (°C): application dependent. Efficiency (%): very high, reversible reactions can proceed almost loss-free Maturity Installed worldwide (GW): N/A Installation costs (€/kWh): N/A Technology readiness level: 2 – 3 Challenges in development Need for focus on application-oriented rather than just material aspects Potential of technology Switchable and controllable release of thermal energy Adjustable reaction temperature Low-cost and widely available materials Long-term, loss-free storage that can be used seasonally Barriers Integration of gaseous reactants Low technology readiness level for all types of technology Available reaction temperatures are limited Complex reactor design Scaling from prototypes to application-relevant sizes Development of new materials with tunable reaction temperatures https://eera-es.eu/ EERA Joint Program on Energy Storage - SP3 on Thermal Storage EERA Joint Program on Energy Storage SP3 on Thermal Energy Storage August 2018PDF Image | Brochure on Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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