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Energies 2022, 15, 6398 19 of 23 The capacity for heat storage depends on the space available and the target degree of compensation for heat shortages (maximum output) within the heating system. For relatively small capacities, it is suggested that the system uses a battery of pre-insulated (insulated) buffer tanks with a capacity of 10,000 liters, as used in municipal or industrial systems; these are generally available on the market due to the increasing demand for district heating RES systems (solar collectors and heat pumps). For larger capacities, the target for facilities that are the size of Chochołowskie Termy, it is proposed that they use individual above-ground, surface, or underground thermal storage solutions. The former setup is already in operation, for example, at the Theiss thermal power plant in Austria, where there are reservoirs with a thermal capacity of 7200 GJ and a water capacity of 50,000 m3, with a height of 30 meters and a diameter of 50 meters [49]. The second type, i.e., surface reservoirs (pit storage), are shallow pits filled with gravel and water, as are operating, e.g., in Vojens, Denmark, where there is the world’s largest underground thermal storage pit, with a capacity of 200,000 m3 [50]. The use of underground reservoirs generally comprises storing water in impermeable geological strata or in underground tanks. The choice of storage technology should be preceded by additional geological investigations and an analysis of the area that would be occupied by the storage facilities. Assuming that the buffer at the Chochołowskie Thermal Springs site would be loaded every day for 12 h with 160 t/h of water, cooled from 78 ◦C to 30 ◦C (thus allowing the temperature in the reservoir to be at least 30 ◦C), the amount of heat stored in it can be determined—in this scenario, it will be just over 387 GJ—with a storage capacity of about 1920 m3. This calculation is an example and is intended to demonstrate the principle of tank selection for similar facilities. The selection of the correct capacity needs to be individualized and must be based on specific assumptions about the loading and unloading times of the tank, as well as the storage temperature. Discharging the tank in the example above for 10 h results in an instantaneous heat output value of 10.75 MW at a temperature of at least 30 ◦C, thus providing a basis not only for covering the missing heat demand in terms of pool technology but also for investing in sorption heating systems, further water attractions, or accommodation. These values, therefore, provide a sound basis for considering the concept of heat storage—either indirectly (taking heat from the thermal water and accumulating it in an intermediate medium such as circulating water) or directly (storing thermal water and discharging it during the daily peak demand)—as part of a facility expansion. There is also justification for the construction of smaller reservoirs, which are charged during the normal operation of the facility with temporary surplus heat. The resulting buffer storage capacity cannot be determined directly at the concept stage, but—due to the series of buffer storage tanks available on the market, including those with capacities of up to 8–10 tonnes, and the possibility of combining them in series or parallel—there are no technical counter-indications for such a task. 4.6. Power Balance of Loads In order to fully regulate the operation of the system, it is necessary to equip it with valves, by-passes, and the necessary controls and measurement apparatus for automation. The selection of equipment, with its installed power and characteristics, is shown in Table 6. Table 7 summarizes the heat fluxes for all receivers, also taking into account the missing heat power to feed the pool technology, taken in the event of excess heat or from the buffer tank. The columns on the right show the sums of the selected fluxes. The first value indicates the heat power requirement when taking into account the full use of low- temperature heat—18,062.5 kW. The second value (12,303.5 kW) represents the thermal power that can be taken from the geothermal source at the point of peak operation. In this case, the buffer is not charged, and the thermal power is reduced in accordance with the missing 5759 kW. The next value shows the power that is actually received from the geothermal source (14,168.3 kW), taking into account the feed-in of the ORC circuit. The last value is a total by which to check the calculations. All receivers above 30 ◦C, and thePDF Image | Combined Renewable Energy Resources System Geothermal
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