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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 4 of 32 Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 4 of 32 Figure 2. Methods of thermal energy storage: (a) sensible heat; (b) latent heat; (c) thermo-chemical Figure 2. Methods of thermal energy storage: (a) sensible heat; (b) latent heat; (c) thermo-chemical reactions [23]. reactions [23]. The choice of storage medium depends on the nature of the process. For water heating, energy storageasssesennsisbiblelehehaetaotfosftosrteodrewdatweraitserloigsiclaolg.iIcfaal.ir-Ihfeaitri-nhgeactoilnlegctcoorlsleacrteourseadr,estuosreadg,esintosreangseibilne soernlsaitbelnetohrealattefnfetchtseaint epfaferctitcsuilnatepasrtotircauglaeteunsittosriasgienduinciatstedis, isnudcihcatsedse,nssuicbhleahseasetninsibalepehbebalte-ibneda phebatblex-bchedanhgeart. eIxncphanssgievre. hIneaptainssgi,vsetohreagtienigs, pstrorvaigdedis apsrosevnidsiebdleashesaetnsiniblbeuhiledaitnigntbhueiledleinmgetnhtes. eIflepmhoentotsv.oIlftapihcotropvohlottaoic-cohremphicoatol -pcrhoecmesisceasl apreocuessesde,stahreermusoe-dch, tehmeircmalos-ctohreamgeiciasl lsotgoircaagle. is logical. 3. Sensible Heat Storage 3. Sensible Heat Storage SHS (Figure 2a) is the simplest method based on storing thermal energy by heating or cooling a SHS (Figure 2a) is the simplest method based on storing thermal energy by heating or cooling liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, or rocks), with water being the cheapest a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, or rocks), with water being the option. The most popular and commercial heat storage medium is water, which has a number of cheapest option. The most popular and commercial heat storage medium is water, which has a residential and industrial applications. Underground storage of sensible heat in both liquid and solid number of residential and industrial applications. Underground storage of sensible heat in both media is also used for typically large-scale applications. SHS has two main advantages: it is cheap and liquid and solid media is also used for typically large-scale applications. SHS has two main without the risks associated with the use of toxic materials. advantages: it is cheap and without the risks associated with the use of toxic materials. SHS system utilizes the heat capacity and the change in temperature of the storage medium SHS system utilizes the heat capacity and the change in temperature of the storage medium during the process of charging and discharging. The amount of heat stored depends on the specific during the process of charging and discharging. The amount of heat stored depends on the specific heat of the medium, the temperature change, and the amount of storage material [24]. heat of the medium, the temperature change, and the amount of storage material [24]. tt QQ= ff mc dt =mc (t −tt) (1()1) where Qs is the quantity of heat stored, in Joules; m is the mass of heat storage medium, in kg; cp is materials are used. sstp pffii tii where Qs is the quantity of heat stored, in Joules; m is the mass of heat storage medium, in kg; cp is the the specific heat, in J/(kg·K); ti is the initial temperature, in °C; tf is the final temperature, in °C. specific heat, in J/(kg·K); ti is the initial temperature, in C; tf is the final temperature, in C. Table 2 shows the most used SHS materials and their properties [25]. Water appears to be the Table 2 shows the most used SHS materials and their properties [25]. Water appears to be the best best SHS liquid available because it is inexpensive and has a high specific heat. However, above 100 SHSliquidavailablebecauseitisinexpensiveandhasahighspecificheat.However,above100 C,oils, °C, oils, molten salts, and liquid metals are used. For air heating applications, rock bed type storage molten salts, and liquid metals are used. For air heating applications, rock bed type storage materials are used. Table 3 shows the main characteristics of the most commonly used solid-state thermal Table 2. List of selected solid–liquid materials for sensible heat storage [25]. storage materials [17], including sand-rock minerals, concrete, fire bricks, and ferroalloy materials. ◦ These maMterdiiaulms haveFlwuiodrTkyipneg teTmepmeprearatturesRafnrgoem(°C2)00Dteons1it2y0(0kg/mC 3)anSdpehciafivceHeeaxtc(Je/(lklegnKt))thermal Sand - 20 1555 800 conductivities: 1.0 W/(m·K)–7.0 W/(m·K) for sand-rock minerals, concrete, and fire bricks; Rock - 20 2560 879 37.0 W/(m·K)–40.0 W/(m·K) for ferroalloy materials. The materials shown in Table 3 are all low-cost, Brick - 20 1600 840 ranging from 0.05 to 5.00 $/kg. The only disadvantage is their heat capacities being rather low, ranging Concrete ◦ - 20 2240 880 from 0.56 to 1.3 kJ/(kg· C), which can make the storage unit unrealistically large. Granite Aluminium Cast iron Water Calorie HT43 Engine oil Ethanol Propane Butane - 20 2640 - 20 2707 - 20 7900 - 0–100 1000 4190 Oil 12–260 867 2200 Oil ≤160 888 1880 Organic liquid ≤78 790 2400 Organic liquid ≤97 800 2500 Organic liquid ≤118 809 2400 ◦◦ 820 896 837 ◦PDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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