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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Reliable access to cost-effective electricity is the backbone of the U.S. economy, and electrical energy storage is an integral element in this system. Without significant investments in stationary electrical energy storage, the current electric grid infrastructure will increasingly struggle to provide reliable, affordable electricity, jeopardizing the transformational changes envisioned for a modernized grid. Investment in energy storage is essential for keeping pace with the increasing demands for electricity arising from continued growth in U.S. productivity, shifts in and continued expansion of national cultural imperatives (e.g., the distributed grid and electric vehicles), and the projected increase in renewable energy sources. Stationary energy storage technologies promise to address the growing limitations of U.S. electricity infrastructure. A variety of near-, mid-, and long-term storage options can simultaneously provide multiple benefits that have the potential to greatly enhance the future resilience of the electric grid while preserving its reliability. These benefits include providing balancing services (e.g., regulation and load following), which enables the widespread integration of renewable energy; supplying power during brief disturbances to reduce outages and the financial losses that accompany them; and serving as substitutes for transmission and distribution upgrades to defer or eliminate them. Significant advances in materials and devices are needed to realize the potential of energy storage technologies. Current large-scale energy storage systems are both electrochemically based (e.g., advanced lead-carbon batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-based batteries, flow batteries, and electrochemical capacitors) and kinetic-energy-based (e.g., compressed-air energy storage and high-speed flywheels). Electric power industry experts and device developers have identified areas in which near-term investment could lead to substantial progress in these technologies. Deploying existing advanced energy storage technologies in the near term can further capitalize on these investments by creating the regulatory processes and market structures for ongoing growth in this sector. At the same time, a long-term focus on the research and development of advanced materials and devices will lead to new, more cost-effective, efficient, and reliable products with the potential to transform the electric grid. STRATEGIC PRIORITIES FOR ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE OPTIMIZATION THROUGH MATERIALS ADVANCES Advanced materials, device research and development, and demonstrations are required to address many of the challenges associated with energy storage system economics, technical performance, and design that must be overcome for these devices to meet the needs and performance targets of the electric power industry. The advancement of large-scale energy storage technologies will require support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), industry, and academia. Figure 1 outlines the high-priority research and development activities that are necessary to overcome the limitations of today’s storage technologies and to make game-changing breakthroughs in these and other technologies that are only now starting to emerge, such as metal-air batteries, liquid-metal systems, regenerative fuel cells, advanced compressed-air energy storage, and superconducting magnetic electrical storage. The priority activities outlined in this report focus on understanding and developing materials coupled with designing, developing, and demonstrating components and systems; however, there is also recognition that this work needs to be done in the context of strategic materials selection and innovative system design. STRATEGIC MATERIALS SELECTION implies that while significant cost reduction in storage is paramount and materials make up the largest portion of system cost, it is critical that storage devices utilize materials that are both lower in cost and abundant in the United States. New materials development can expand the options available to equipment developers, potentially offering important cost and performance advantages. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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