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TABLE 2: TARGETS FOR ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR PRIORITY GRID APPLICATIONS APPLICATION Area and Frequency Regulation (Short Duration) Renewables Grid Integration (Short Duration) Transmission and Distribution Upgrade Deferral and Substitution (Long Duration) Load Following (Long Duration) Electric Energy Time Shift (Long Duration) PURPOSE KEY PERFORMANCE TARGETS Reconciles momentary differences between supply and demand within a given area Maintains grid frequency SERVICE COST: $20 per MW per hour SYSTEM LIFETIME: 10 years with 4,500 to 7,000 cycles per year DISCHARGE DURATION: 15 minutes to 2 hours RESPONSE TIME: less than one second ROUNDTRIP EFFICIENCY: 75%–90% Offsets fluctuations of short-duration variation of renewables generation output ROUNDTRIP EFFICIENCY: 75%–90% SYSTEM LIFETIME: 10 years with high cycling CAPACITY: 1 MW–20 MW RESPONSE TIME: 1–2 seconds Delays or avoids the need to upgrade transmission and/or distribution infrastructure using relatively small amounts of storage Reduces loading on existing equipment to extend equipment life COST: $500 per kWh DISCHARGE DURATION: 2–4 hours CAPACITY: 1 MW–100 MW RELIABILITY: 99.9% SYSTEM LIFETIME: 10 years Changes power output in response to the changing balance between energy supply and demand Operates at partial output or input without compromising performance or increasing emissions Responds quickly to load increases and decreases CAPITAL COST: $1,500 per kW or $500 per kWh for 3-hour duration OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST: $500 per MWh DISCHARGE DURATION: 2–6 hours Stores inexpensive energy during low demand periods and discharges the energy during times of high demand (often referred to as arbitrage) Accommodates renewables generation at times of high grid congestion by storing energy and transmitting energy when there is no congestion CAPITAL COST: $1,500 per kW or $500 per kWh OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST: $250–$500 per MWh DISCHARGE DURATION: 2–6 hours EFFICIENCY: 70%–80% RESPONSE TIME: 5–30 minutes INTEGRATING ENERGY STORAGE INTO THE ELECTRIC GRID 13PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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