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LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are currently used in many electronics (e.g., laptop computers and mobile telephones) and are expected to become a major power source for electric vehicles. These batteries are commonly composed of lithium electrolytes in the form of salts or solvents and carbon and metal-oxide electrodes. This composition enables these devices to operate at high energy density, high power, and nearly 100% efficiency, making them ideal for power applications and suitable for energy applications. Despite the widespread use of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles and electronics, these batteries face challenges for grid applications because of the differences in performance and cost requirements for such stationary applications. CURRENT PERCEIVED LIMITATIONS OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES Current Li-ion batteries are developed for mobile electronic and vehicle applications that require high energy, power density, and specific energy due to the volume and weight constraints of the particular applications. In comparison, grid-based applications place more emphasis on cost and cycle life, though a high energy density is still desirable. Most of the existing Li-ion chemistries have a short cycle life (<1,000 cycles) and high cost (~$1,000/kWh) when used for stationary applications. Heat management, safety, and reliability issues must also be addressed before Li-ion batteries can achieve widespread deployment at grid-scale storage levels. The gaps and limitations that, if overcome, could make the most significant advances toward the widespread deployment of Li-ion batteries for grid-scale storage include the following: n THE HIGH CAPITAL COST OF THE CURRENT Li-ION BATTERIES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE FOR GRID APPLICATIONS. It has been shown that 80% of the high capital cost of Li-ion batteries is due to the relatively high cost of materials for electrodes, separators, electrolytes, etc. n TODAY’S Li-ION BATTERIES HAVE A SHORT LIFE AND CYCLE COUNT. The current nominal capacity of Li-ion batteries decreases after repeated cycling, which diminishes the efficiency of the device. The low cycle count and resulting short life of Li-ion batteries could compromise this technology’s ability to provide reliable and affordable grid-scale storage. n ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES COMPROMISE THE SAFETY OF Li-ION BATTERIES. There is a need to develop inorganic electrolytes to improve the performance and safety of Li-ion batteries. The current electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries are unstable and potentially flammable at high voltages. n LITHIUM SYSTEMS CANNOT OPERATE AT TEMPERATURE EXTREMES. Lithium systems are unable to effectively operate at temperatures lower than -10°C and present a potential safety hazard at temperatures greater than 70°C. The battery systems generate significant amounts of heat during operation, which requires thermal management mechanisms to keep the device temperature within its operational limits. LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 21PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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