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COST TARGETS OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES Based on current knowledge of Li-ion batteries, the following installed cost targets (set for everything needed up to direct current output to the converter) reflect the push and pull of the energy storage market: n Current: $1,000/kWh (cell: $700/kWh, rest of system: $300/kWh) n 2015: $500/kWh (cell: $400/kWh, rest of system: $100/kWh) n 2020: $250/kWh (cell: $210/kWh, rest of system: $40/kWh) n 2030: $250/kWh (cell: $210/kWh, rest of system: $40/kWh) PRIORITY ACTIVITIES TO ADVANCE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES With targeted research and development, Li-ion batteries have the potential to contribute to the advancement of grid- scale energy storage. Increased understanding of current Li-ion batteries and their suitability for stationary grid-scale storage can encourage the optimization and subsequent adoption of these technologies. Additionally, new Li-ion battery systems that incorporate new materials, such as cost-effective, optimized materials used for electrodes and other components, can help overcome the current gaps and limitations of Li-ion batteries, creating Li-ion systems more suited to grid-scale storage applications. For Li-ion batteries, activities and initiatives can accelerate progress in the following areas: n MATERIALS DISCOVERY AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION – While capable of high energy density, the materials sets for current Li-ion batteries are too expensive and may not offer sufficient performance for stationary applications. Designing and fabricating novel electrode architectures to include electrolyte access to redox active material and short ion and electron diffusion paths (e.g., non-planar geometries) is a solution with a near-term market impact. Developing a highly conductive, inorganic, solid-state conductor for solid-state Li-ion batteries presents another near-term solution. In the long term, significant reduction in cost will likely require the use of cost-effective alternative materials or the development of new Li-ion batteries, though in some cases, these alternative materials may reduce energy density. The development of new intercalation compounds with low cycling strain and fatigue for Li-ion batteries could also have a significant impact. In order to do so, these compounds should have a goal of 10,000 cycles at 80% depth of discharge. Some long-lived Li-ion chemistries, such as lithium titanate and lithium iron phosphate have already been explored; such work should continue and be expanded in pursuit of the cycle and depth of discharge goals. Aqueous electrolytes may also hold promise for reducing cost and improving the safety of Li-ion batteries. n MECHANISMS AND MODELING – Developing models for ion transport through inorganic solids and polymers, as well as developing a quantitative understanding of cell failure (both catastrophic and degradation) through experiments, could have a market impact in the mid term. Another activity with mid-term potential is characterizing the interfaces needed to address system lifetime and performance by using predictive models of interfaces and reactions to understand performance and degradation and by developing diagnostics to probe interfaces. n SAFETY – The improvement of existing solid polymer electrolytes and the development of new solid polymer electrolytes could have a market impact in the near term, while the development of non-flammable electrolytes could have a mid-term impact. The success of these activities and initiatives will require significant support from DOE. To help DOE better focus its resources over time, Figure 4 divides the solutions by the time frame in which they will impact the market: near term (less than 5 years), mid term (5–10 years), and long term (10–20 years). The bolded activities are high-priority initiatives. 22 ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR STATIONARY ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONSPDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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