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LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FIGURE 4: PRIORITIZED ACTIVITIES TO ADVANCE Li-ION BATTERIES Li-ION BATTERIES NEAR TERM (< 5 years) MID TERM (5–10 years) LONG TERM (10–20 years) MATERIALS DISCOVERY AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION Develop highly uniform manufacturing processes to increase cell uniformity (e.g., performance, life, efficiency, yield) and understanding of lifetime operation Improve battery packaging by making it more lightweight, improving safety, and ensuring long-term stability Develop unique Li-ion chemistries that hold promise of meeting stationary storage requirements for cost, cycle life, etc. Design and fabricate novel electrode architectures to include electrolyte access to redox active material and short ion and electron diffusion paths (e.g., non-planar geometries) Develop a highly conductive, inorganic, solid-state conductor for solid-state Li-ion batteries Use silicon to develop negative materials for Li-ion because silicon is a higher-energy material than graphite Perform thermodynamic and kinetic modeling to resolve the deposition of lithium on the negative electrode Evaluate suitability of existing Li-ion vehicle batteries for grid applications Develop new intercalation compounds with low cycling strain and fatigue for Li-ion batteries; aim for 10,000 cycles at 80% depth of discharge Develop heterogeneous hybrid electrolytes at nanoscale to optimize properties (e.g., ion transport, electrochemical stability, and mechanical integrity) Develop fast-charging Li-ion negatives other than lithium titanate Develop high-energy-density electrodes with high ionic and electric conductivity MECHANISMS AND MODELING SAFETY Develop new solid polymer electrolytes and improve existing electrolytes Reduce the cost and increase the energy density of lithium titanate anodes to be able to use them to improve system safety Develop models for ion transport through solids (inorganic solids, polymers) Conduct experiments to develop a quantitative understanding of catastrophic cell failure and degradation Characterize interfaces using predictive models and diagnostics to address system lifetime and performance Develop a non-flammable electrolyte Develop inexpensive ionic liquid electrolytes or additives Develop self-extinguishing fire- initiated foam to encapsulate cells/packs Develop a self-balancing chemistry to eliminate the need for balancing electronics 23PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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