PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 029
SODIUM-BASED BATTERIES Sodium-based batteries include those that either utilize a solid sodium-ion conducting membrane or liquid electrolyte. The use of solid electrolytes typically requires operation at elevated temperatures (around 300°C or higher) to reduce electrical resistance and deliver satisfactory performance. Of the sodium-based batteries that use solid electrolytes, sodium-sulfur and sodium-metal-halide chemistries are relatively mature; in fact, sodium-sulfur batteries are commercially available and have been deployed in significant amounts in Japan. These batteries are constructed with a beta alumina membrane, offer a high efficiency (up to 90%), and have energy densities comparable to those of Li-ion batteries. Efforts to develop sodium-ion batteries that employ liquid electrolytes and operate at room temperature are under way in order to reduce or eliminate the need to operate at elevated temperatures. CURRENT PERCEIVED LIMITATIONS OF SODIUM-BASED BATTERIES The fundamental challenge for current sodium-based batteries is that their cost is still higher than the targets for broad penetration in stationary markets. Reducing the cost of sodium-based batteries requires improvements in performance, reliability, and durability. Challenges involving chemistries, materials, battery design, manufacturing and stack design, controls and monitoring, and testing and deployment must be identified and addressed before sodium batteries can achieve widespread deployment at grid-scale storage levels. The gaps and limitations that, if overcome, could make the most significant advances toward this end goal include the following: n CURRENT SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES POSE A POTENTIAL SAFETY CONCERN. In the event that the beta alumina membrane were to break down, sulfur would contact molten sodium, leading to an energetic reaction that could potentially cause a fire. While this risk is successfully managed in more commercial installations today, the potential for a damaging incident is a perceived limitation to the widespread deployment of sodium-sulfur batteries. n SODIUM BATTERIES MUST OPERATE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. Sodium batteries must operate at temperatures in the range of 300°C–350°C. These systems require costly thermal management systems to maintain this operating temperature regime because repeated freeze and thaw cycles dramatically reduce system cycle life. n CURRENT ELECTROLYTE STRUCTURES LIMIT SODIUM BATTERY PERFORMANCE AND INCUR HIGH PRODUCTION COST. Current electrolytes used in sodium batteries are made in a tubular shape with a wall thickness of about 1–2 mm to maintain structural and mechanical stability. The thick tubular electrolyte is difficult to scale up and requires high operating temperatures to have satisfactory performance. Additionally, the beta alumina membrane is sensitive to moisture and can short while operating at a high current density. n CORROSIVE CATHODES IN SODIUM-SULFUR AND SODIUM-METAL-HALIDE BATTERIES LIMIT MATERIALS SELECTION AND REDUCE DURABILITY OF THE DEVICE. Molten sulfur in the cathode chamber of sodium-sulfur batteries is corrosive, as is the second electrolyte (NaAlCl4 melt) in the cathode of sodium-metal-halide batteries. The corrosive environment prevents the use of cost-effective materials for packaging and degrades the materials and battery performance. n CURRENT SYSTEMS HAVE LIMITED PORTABILITY. The current size, weight, and high-temperature operation of sodium batteries makes them difficult to transport. Utilities will want the ability to move energy storage systems during their useful lifetimes as energy storage needs evolve with the grid. Limited portability, therefore, is a significant drawback for sodium-based systems. SODIUM-BASED BATTERIES 25PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
PDF Search Title:
Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage ApplicationsOriginal File Name Searched:
AdvancedMaterials_12-30-10_FINAL_lowres.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Turbine and System Plans CAD CAM: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. More Info
Waste Heat Power Technology: Organic Rankine Cycle uses waste heat to make electricity, shaft horsepower and cooling. More Info
All Turbine and System Products: Infinity Turbine ORD systems, turbine generator sets, build plans and more to use your waste heat from 30C to 100C. More Info
CO2 Phase Change Demonstrator: CO2 goes supercritical at 30 C. This is a experimental platform which you can use to demonstrate phase change with low heat. Includes integration area for small CO2 turbine, static generator, and more. This can also be used for a GTL Gas to Liquids experimental platform. More Info
Introducing the Infinity Turbine Products Infinity Turbine develops and builds systems for making power from waste heat. It also is working on innovative strategies for storing, making, and deploying energy. More Info
Need Strategy? Use our Consulting and analyst services Infinity Turbine LLC is pleased to announce its consulting and analyst services. We have worked in the renewable energy industry as a researcher, developing sales and markets, along with may inventions and innovations. More Info
Made in USA with Global Energy Millennial Web Engine These pages were made with the Global Energy Web PDF Engine using Filemaker (Claris) software.
Sand Battery Sand and Paraffin for TES Thermo Energy Storage More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)