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FLOW BATTERIES Flow batteries are electrochemical devices that store electricity in liquid electrolytes. During operation, the electrolytes flow through electrodes or cells to complete redox reactions and energy conversion. The electrolytes on the cathode side (catholyte) and the anode side (anolyte) are separated by a membrane or separator that allows for ion transport, completing the electrical circuit. Researchers have identified a number of potential redox flow battery chemistries, including iron-chromium, all vanadium, and zinc-bromide in varied supporting electrolytes, such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The capability of flow batteries to store large amounts of energy or power, combined with their potential long cycle life and high efficiency, makes them promising energy storage devices for grid energy applications and reasonable options for power applications. While multi-MW/MWh systems have been demonstrated, these technologies still have challenges to overcome to meet market requirements—most notably, achieving the cost reductions necessary to gain market acceptance for grid-scale applications. CURRENT PERCEIVED LIMITATIONS OF FLOW BATTERIES The fundamental challenge currently restraining the market penetration of existing flow batteries is their inability to fully meet the performance and economic requirements of the electric power industry. To do so, flow battery developers must identify and resolve materials, cell chemistries, and stack and system design and engineering challenges, all of which factor into system cost. The gaps and limitations that, if overcome, could make the most significant advances toward the end goal of widespread commercial deployment include the following: n UNWANTED CROSS-TRANSPORT CAN LEAD TO EFFICIENCY LOSS AND CAN CONTAMINATE ELECTROLYTES. This issue is particularly important for flow batteries that employ different active species in the catholyte and anolyte. For example, in the iron-chromium system, cross-transport of chromium and iron cations or complexes could lead to columbic efficacy loss and contamination. n FLOW BATTERY MATERIALS MAY BE UNSTABLE IN CERTAIN CONDITIONS. The stability and durability of membranes and electrolytes at various temperatures and in the presence of strong reduction and oxidation conditions can also threaten the performance and reliability of flow batteries. n THE STACK DESIGN OF FLOW BATTERIES MAY CAUSE ISSUES AT GRID SCALE. There are trade-offs between flow rates, shunt currents, and cell performance. Conductive paths of shunt currents can short out, which creates potential scale-up problems. n HYDRAULIC SUBSYSTEMS ARE NEEDED TO ENSURE SYSTEM ROBUSTNESS. Hydraulic subsystems, including valves, pipes, and seals, do not currently have the low cost, long life, chemical robustness, and efficiency that flow batteries require. Flow batteries also need low-cost (<$5/lb), media-compatible plastics, as well as the materials, designs, and manufacturing processes to allow less expensive (less than $0.50/gal) and more robust anolyte and catholyte tanks. n REAL-TIME ELECTROLYTE ANALYSIS TOOLS ARE LIMITED. Flow batteries require advanced sensors, real-time monitoring systems, and other real-time analysis tools to assess the state of charge, flow rates, balance, and state of health of vanadium redox flow batteries. n FLOW BATTERIES HAVE EXPERIENCED POOR INDUSTRY PERCEPTION. The electric power industry has a poor perception of flow batteries. Inconsistent and unclear rules for materials containment also make it difficult to advance these systems. FLOW BATTERIES 29PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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