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COST TARGETS OF FLOW BATTERIES Over time, better materials utilization and device design can reduce the cost of flow batteries. Based on current knowledge, the following capital cost targets can be reached through realistic and achievable technology improvements. While these cost targets reflect the goals of some developers, they may not be generally accepted by the energy storage industry: n 2015: $200–$250/kWh capital cost n 2020: $150–$200/kWh capital cost n 2030: $100–$150/kWh capital cost PRIORITY ACTIVITIES TO ADVANCE FLOW BATTERIES With targeted research and development, flow batteries have the potential to contribute to the advancement of grid- scale energy storage. There are a variety of activities and initiatives that could help overcome the current gaps and limitations of flow batteries in areas such as membranes, modeling and design, stack design and manufacturing, impurities, redox chemistry, and materials compatibility. For flow batteries, progress can be made in the following areas: n MEMBRANES – Improving membranes and developing layered, multi-functional membranes can reduce electrolyte crossover, lower system cost, increase stability, and lower resistance. n MODELING AND DESIGN – Developing a national computational fluidics center at a national laboratory or university will enable energy storage device experts to perform multi-scale modeling to improve system performance and cost. Tailoring catalyst layer and flow field configurations will improve mass transport and reduce cost. n STACK DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING – Funding or creating a center for stack design and manufacturing methods will help to facilitate and optimize the scale-up and integration of flow batteries in the electric grid. n IMPURITIES – Identifying which impurities to screen for and developing an inline, real-time sensor for detecting electrolyte composition can enable the lower cost and resistance of flow batteries. n REDOX CHEMISTRY – Identifying low-cost anti-catalysts and redox catalysts for negative electrodes, and developing non-aqueous flow battery systems with wider cell operating voltages will improve the efficiency of flow batteries. n MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY – Developing low-cost, chemically and thermally tolerant resins for piping, stacks, and tanks, and establishing a components database will better enable integration. The success of these activities and initiatives will require significant support from DOE. To help DOE better focus its resources over time, Figure 6 divides the solutions by the time frame in which they will impact the market: near term (less than 5 years), mid term (5–10 years), and long term (10–20 years). The bolded activities are high-priority initiatives. 30 ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR STATIONARY ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONSPDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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